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The Open Economy

6. The Open Economy. IN THIS CHAPTER, YOU WILL LEARN:. accounting identities for the open economy the small open economy model what makes it “small” how the trade balance and exchange rate are determined how policies affect trade balance & exchange rate. 1.

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The Open Economy

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  1. 6 The Open Economy

  2. IN THIS CHAPTER, YOU WILL LEARN: • accounting identities for the open economy • the small open economy model • what makes it “small” • how the trade balance and exchange rate are determined • how policies affect trade balance & exchange rate 1

  3. Imports and exports of selected countries, 2011

  4. In an open economy, • spending need not equal output • saving need not equal investment

  5. Preliminaries superscripts: d = spending on domestic goods f = spending on foreign goods EX = exports = foreign spending on domestic goods IM = imports = Cf+ If+ Gf= spending on foreign goods NX = net exports (a.k.a. the “trade balance”) = EX – IM

  6. GDP = expenditure on domestically produced g & s

  7. Y = C + I + G + NX net exports domestic spending output The national income identity in an open economy or, NX= Y– (C+ I + G)

  8. Trade surpluses and deficits • trade surplus: output > spending and exports > imports Size of the trade surplus = NX • trade deficit: spending > output and imports > exports Size of the trade deficit = –NX NX = EX – IM = Y– (C+ I + G )

  9. International capital flows • Net capital outflow = S – I = net outflow of “loanable funds” = net purchases of foreign assets the country’s purchases of foreign assets minus foreign purchases of domestic assets • When S > I, country is a net lender • When S < I, country is a net borrower

  10. The link between trade & cap. flows NX= Y– (C+ I+ G ) implies NX = (Y– C– G ) – I = S – I trade balance = net capital outflow Thus, a country with a trade deficit (NX < 0) is a net borrower (S <I ).

  11. Saving, investment, and the trade balance 1960–2013 investment saving trade balance (right scale)

  12. U.S.: The world’s largest debtor nation • Every year since 1980s: huge trade deficits and net capital inflows, i.e. net borrowing from abroad • As of 3/30/2013: • U.S. residents owned $21.6 trillion worth of foreign assets • Foreigners owned $25.9 trillion worth of U.S. assets • U.S. net indebtedness to rest of the world:$4.3 trillion—higher than any other country, hence U.S. is the “world’s largest debtor nation”

  13. An open-economy version of the loanable funds model from Chapter 3. Includes many of the same elements: production function consumption function investment function exogenous policy variables Saving and investment in a small open economy

  14. r S, I National saving: The supply of loanable funds As in Chapter 3,national saving does not depend on the interest rate

  15. Assumptions about capital flows a. domestic & foreign bonds are perfect substitutes (same risk, maturity, etc.) b. perfect capital mobility:no restrictions on international trade in assets c. economy is small:cannot affect the world interest rate, denoted r* a & b imply r = r* c implies r*is exogenous

  16. r I(r) S, I Investment: The demand for loanable funds Investment is still a downward-sloping function of the interest rate, but the exogenous world interest rate… r* …determines the country’s level of investment. I(r*)

  17. r rc I(r) S, I If the economy were closed… …the interest rate would adjust to equate investment and saving:

  18. r r* rc I(r) S, I I1 But in a small open economy… the exogenous world interest rate determines investment… NX …and the difference between saving and investment determines net capital outflow and net exports

  19. Next, three experiments: 1.Fiscal policy at home 2.Fiscal policy abroad 3.An increase in investment demand(exercise)

  20. r NX2 NX1 Results: I(r) S, I I1 1. Fiscal policy at home An increase in G or decrease in T reduces saving.

  21. Budget deficit (left scale) Net exports (right scale) NX and the federal budget deficit (% of GDP), 1965–2013

  22. r NX2 NX1 I(r) S, I 2. Fiscal policy abroad Expansionary fiscal policy abroad raises the world interest rate. Results:

  23. r S NX1 I(r)1 S, I I1 NOW YOU TRY3. An increase in investment demand Use the model to determine the impact of an increase in investment demand on NX, S, I, and net capital outflow. 22

  24. r S NX2 NX1 I(r)2 I(r)1 S, I I2 I1 ANSWERS3. An increase in investment demand I > 0, S = 0, net capital outflow and NXfall by the amount I 23

  25. e = nominal exchange rate, the relative price of domestic currency in terms of foreign currency (e.g.yen per dollar) The nominal exchange rate

  26. A few exchange rates, as of 6/24/2013

  27. the lowercase Greek letter epsilon The real exchange rate = real exchange rate, the relative price of domestic goods in terms of foreign goods (e.g. Japanese Big Macs per U.S. Big Mac) ε

  28. Understanding the units of ε ε

  29. ε ~ McZample ~ • one good: Big Mac • price in Japan: P* = 200 Yen • price in USA: P = $2.50 • nominal exchange rate e = 120 Yen/$ To buy a U.S. Big Mac, someone from Japan would have to pay an amount that could buy 1.5 Japanese Big Macs.

  30. ε in the real world & our model • In the real world:We can think of ε as the relative price of a basket of domestic goods in terms of a basket of foreign goods • In our macro model:There’s just one good, “output.”So ε is the relative price of one country’s output in terms of the other country’s output

  31. εU.S. goods become more expensive relative to foreign goods  EX, IM  NX How NX depends on ε

  32. Trade-weighted real exchange rate index Net exports(left scale) U.S. net exports and the real exchange rate, 1973–2012 (March 1973 = 100) (% of GDP) NX Index

  33. The net exports function • The net exports function reflects this inverse relationship between NX and ε: NX = NX(ε)

  34. ε so U.S. net exports will be high When ε is relatively low, U.S. goods are relatively inexpensive ε1 NX(ε) 0 NX NX(ε1) The NX curve for the U.S.

  35. ε At high enough values ofε, U.S. goods become so expensive that ε2 we export less than we import NX(ε) 0 NX NX(ε2) The NX curve for the U.S.

  36. How ε is determined • The accounting identity says NX = S–I • We saw earlier how S–I is determined: • S depends on domestic factors (output, fiscal policy variables, etc.) • I is determined by the world interest rate r* • So, ε must adjust to ensure

  37. ε NX(ε) NX How ε is determined Neither Snor I depends on ε, so the net capital outflow curve is vertical. ε1 ε adjusts to equate NXwith net capital outflow, S-I. NX1

  38. ε NX(ε) NX Interpretation: supply and demand in the foreign exchange market demand: Foreigners need dollars to buy U.S. net exports. supply: Net capital outflow (S-I) is the supply of dollars to be invested abroad. ε1 NX1

  39. Next, four experiments: 1.Fiscal policy at home 2.Fiscal policy abroad 3.An increase in investment demand(exercise) 4.Trade policy to restrict imports

  40. ε ε2 ε1 NX(ε) NX NX1 NX2 1. Fiscal policy at home A fiscal expansion reduces national saving, net capital outflow, and the supply of dollars in the foreign exchange market… …causing the real exchange rate to rise and NX to fall.

  41. ε ε1 ε2 NX(ε) NX NX2 NX1 2. Fiscal policy abroad An increase in r* reduces investment, increasing net capital outflow and the supply of dollars in the foreign exchange market… …causing the real exchange rate to fall and NX to rise.

  42. ε1 NX(ε) NX1 NOW YOU TRY3. Increase in investment demand Determine the impact of an increase in investment demand on net exports, net capital outflow, and the real exchange rate. ε NX 41

  43. ε2 ε1 NX(ε) NX1 NX2 ANSWERS3. Increase in investment demand An increase in investment reduces net capital outflow and the supply of dollars in the foreign exchange market… ε NX …causing the real exchange rate to rise and NX to fall. 42

  44. ε ε2 ε1 NX(ε)2 NX(ε)1 NX NX1 4.Trade policy to restrict imports At any given ε, an import quota  IM NX  demand for dollars shifts right Trade policy doesn’t affect S or I, so capital flows and the supply of dollars remain fixed.

  45. ε ε2 ε1 NX(ε)2 NX(ε)1 NX NX1 4.Trade policy to restrict imports Results: ε > 0 (demand increase) NX = 0(supply fixed) IM < 0 (policy) EX < 0(rise in ε)

  46. The determinants of the nominal exchange rate • Start with the expression for the real exchange rate: • Solve for the nominal exchange rate:

  47. The determinants of the nominal exchange rate • So e depends on the real exchange rate and the price levels at home and abroad… …and we know how each of them is determined:

  48. The determinants of the nominal exchange rate • Rewrite this equation in growth rates (see “arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes,” Chapter 2 ): • For a given value of ε, the growth rate of e equals the difference between foreign and domestic inflation rates.

  49. Inflation differentials and nominal exchange rates for a cross section of countries % change in nominal exchange rate Iceland Pakistan Mexico S. Africa U.K. S. Korea Sweden Japan Denmark Canada Singapore Australia Switzerland New Zealand inflation differential

  50. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Two definitions: • A doctrine that states that goods must sell at the same (currency-adjusted) price in all countries. • The nominal exchange rate adjusts to equalize the cost of a basket of goods across countries. Reasoning: • arbitrage, the law of one price

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