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Lecture 1 Introduction of GIS ZhangWei

Geographical Information System. Lecture 1 Introduction of GIS ZhangWei. Contents. GIS Definition GIS : A brief history Content of GIS Course Components of a GIS Functions of a GIS GIS and Related Subjects GIS Application GIS Development. Definition of GIS.

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Lecture 1 Introduction of GIS ZhangWei

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  1. Geographical Information System Lecture 1 Introduction of GISZhangWei

  2. Contents • GIS Definition • GIS : A brief history • Content of GIS Course • Components of a GIS • Functions of a GIS • GIS and Related Subjects • GIS Application • GIS Development

  3. Definition of GIS Geographic Information System (GIS) is defined as an information system that is used to input, store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and output geographically referenced data or geospatial data, in order to support decision making for planning and management of land use, natural resources, environment, transportation, urban facilities, and other administrative records.

  4. GIS definition (cont.) • GIS is a computer-based information system. • GIS manages and analyses spatial data. • Spatial analysis is GIS advantage to other information system. • The base of GIS is Geography, Surveying and Mapping.

  5. GIS definition (Cont.) System Science Geographical Information S Service

  6. The role and types of GIS in information system Information system Non-spatial information system MIS Spatial information system Non-GIS CAD/CAM GIS Research contents Research area Global GIS Land GIS Transportation GIS Thematic GIS Data model Regional GIS Synthetical GIS Resource and Environmental GIS Vector GIS Raster GIS Vector-raster GIS

  7. Real World Urban DEM GeoDataBase Analysis Result

  8. What distinguishes GIS from other information systems? • GIS handles SPATIAL information. GIS integrates spatial and other kinds of information within one system: it offers a consistent framework for analysing space • GIS makes connections between activities based on spatial proximity • GIS provides the mechanisms for undertaking the manipulation and display of geographic knowledge

  9. The benefits of GIS include: • Better information management • Higher quality analysis • Ability to carry out “what if?” scenarios • Improve project efficiency

  10. GIS : A brief history • Text language • “…又东五百里，曰发爽之山，无草木，多水，多白猿。汎水出焉，而南流注于渤海。 又东四百里，至于旄山之尾。其南有谷，曰育遗，多怪鸟，凯风自是出。 又东四百里，至于非出山之首，其上多金玉，无水，其下多蝮虫。 • 又东五百里，曰阳夹之山，无草木，多水。又东五百里，曰灌湘之山，上多木，无草；多怪鸟，无兽。…” 《山海经》 • Map, Graph, Image Language：

  11. Map — GIS in the early

  12. 数字化 Graphic 草图 Data Processing Output Automaticly Computer cartography — GIS in the preparation phase Paper Map With the develop of computer, computer cartography has developed.

  13. Geographical Information System In 1963, R.F.Tomlinson proposed GIS firstly in Canada.

  14. The Father of GIS In 1963, the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) was initiated to serve the needs of the Canada Land Inventory to map current land uses and the capability of these areas for agriculture, forestry, wildlife and recreation. Key developments: • Optical scanning of maps • Raster to vector conversion • A spatial database management system Roger Tomlinson’s tlicense plate the Father of GIS

  15. Jack Dangermond president and founder, ESRI In 1981, ESRI (http://www.esri.com/) launched the first commercial GIS ArcInfo in the world, starting a stage of strong competition among different vendors (Intergraph, ERDAS).

  16. Contents of GIS course

  17. Contents of GIS course (cont.) 二、Technological problem in GIS coordinate system and geo-code vector structure and algorithm raster structure and storage data structure and algorithm spatial database object and time error model and uncertainty 三、GIS application areas of GIS decision support GIS planning and realize GIS trend

  18. Contents of GIS course (cont.)

  19. Contents of GIS course (Cont.) • 三、GIS Realization digital expression of information data model error and uncertainty vector and raster data model computer development • 四、GIS operations hardware, storage, CPU, display • 五、GIS application areas of GIS global scale application GIS decision project management

  20. Contents of GIS course (cont.) • 六、Organization problems data use quality guarantee and standard law meaning GIS management GIS teaching

  21. Components of a GIS

  22. GPS Type Disc Hard-disc Array-diskette total station Storage Photo- grammetry Special equipment Plotter DPS CPU Output Printer Input RS terminal Digiter server Workstation General equipment Scanner Keyboard and mouse Components of a GIS: Hardware

  23. Components of a GIS: Hardware (cont.) Single model

  24. Input Group 1 …… Group n Intranet GIS data base Input Components of a GIS: Hardware (cont.) • Intranet

  25. Components of a GIS: Hardware (cont.) server Intranet group Input • Web Main web Image process system Multimedia system Output Internet User User

  26. User interface GIS application software GIS software GIS basic software Standard software Platform software GIS System base System software Operation system Components of a GIS: Software

  27. Input and verification Storage and data base management Query Transformation and manipulation Output and presentation GIS Components of a GIS: Software (cont.)

  28. raster vector Components of a GIS: Data • GIS operation objects: spatial data • Spatial data characters: position, attribute and temporal • Spatial data model: vector and raster • Spatial data management • Position: file • Attribute: relation database

  29. What makes data spatial? Grid co-ordinate Placename Latitude / Longitude Postcode Description Distance & bearing Spatial data has particular characteristics. These can be described in terms of: shape, place and relationship to other spatial data (or geometry, location, and topology)

  30. Characteristics of spatial data • Location • Description: Kingston University,PenrhynRoad Centre • Post Code: KT1 2EE • Grid Reference: 518106.72 168530.37 • Latitude/Longitude: 0° 21’ 55.38”W, 49° 36’ 17.62”N

  31. Characteristics of spatial data Geometry • The shape of a building or county • The course of a river, the route of a road • The shape of the landscape, relief

  32. Characteristics of spatial data • Topology • Connected to • Within • Adjacent to • North of . . . • Within the Royal Borough of Kingston-upon-Thames • Opposite the Surrey County Council building • North of Surbiton station • Adjacent to Penrhyn Road

  33. Spatial Data: examples • Socio-economic data • Regional health data • Consumer / lifestyle profiles • Environmental data • Topographic data • Thematic data, soils, geology

  34. Components of a GIS: Data(cont.) 4D Products DOM DLG DEM DRG

  35. GIS Data gathering Components of a GIS: People Management Consultation Information management

  36. Functions of a GIS: Basic • Locations: where is it…? • Attributions: what is it…? • Trends:what has changed ...? • Routeing:which is the best way ...? • Patterns:what is the pattern ...? • Models: what if ...?

  37. How to realize functions of a GIS Data collecting Table map file Preprocessing Raw data Structured data Spatial query and analysis Output GeoDatabase Interface Retrieval Mapping and tables

  38. Data flow For GIS

  39. Data Sources for GIS • Digitized and Scanned Maps • – purchased, donated, free (Internet) • – created by user • DataBases –Tables of data • GPS – Global Positioning System – accurate locations • Remote Sensing & Aerial Photography

  40. Data capture

  41. Data Store Vector Formats –uses a set of coordinate and relationship to represent real world objects。 – give specific spatial locations exactly –geographic space is continuous – attributes are stored separately from locations Raster Formats –use square cells to model reality – Matches hardware nicely – Reduced spatial precision –Large storage requirements

  42. Data process Data acquisition Data base

  43. Data query • Identifying specific features • Identifying features based on conditions Position query Attribute query Topology query Florida counties with a population greater than 300,000

  44. Data Analysis Terrain analysis Network analysis Buffer analysis Geometry analysis Map analysis Overlay analysis Statistic analysis Decision analysis

  45. Data Display • Statistic table • Map such as thematic, image, etc.

  46. Data Output

  47. GIS and Related subjects Geography Cartography GIS Computer science Photogrammetry, Surveying and mapping • GIS is a multi-disciplinary technology • Each related field provides some of the techniques which make up GIS • As the integrating field, GIS often claims to be the science of spatial information Remote sensing

  48. GIS Applications • Facilities management Utilities such as electricity, gas, water and cable communication companies all use GIS systems to store, retrieve and analyse their plant and materials. Areas such as customer responses, demand forecasting, fault analysis, network assessment analysis, site planning, strategic planning and market analysis can be generated by the GIS.

  49. PipelineManagement Information System 全选 ⑴ 综合管线分类管理 给水 污水 雨水 燃气 电力 路灯 电信

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