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Communications and Networking

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Communications and Networking

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    1. Communications and Networking

    2. PACS Networks

    3. Nodes Imaging Modalities Image Acquisition Gateway Computer Staging, reformatting, and transmitting images. PACS Controller Archiving and categorizing images into PACS database and routing them to display workstation. Display Workstation

    4. Terminology Communication Media: bound or unbound Analog and digital communication Communication standard: everything necessary for transporting. Video communication standard Serial and parallel data transmission Synchronous and Asynchronous transfer mode LAN, MAN, and WAN

    5. Network Topologies

    6. Bus Used in Ethernet Simplicity Difficult to trace problems when a channel fails

    7. Tree Video broadband head end Simplicity Bottleneck at the upper level

    8. Ring Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI); high speed ATM SONET ring Simplicity; no bottleneck In a single ring, the network fails if the channel between two nodes fails.

    9. Star (Hub) High speed Ethernet switch, ATM switch Simplicity; simple to isolate a fault Bottleneck at the hub or switch; single point failure at switch

    10. Mesh Immunity to bottleneck failure Complicated

    11. Network Technology

    12. Communication Protocols

    14. Ethernet Backbone cable shared by nodes (Bus) A node address for each node Send data in packets with headers containing source address, destination address, and error detection code Cable speed =10 MBPS; Packet size = 1.5 kB The performance of a node at a multiple connection Ethernet = 60 KBPS to 10 MBPS Good for image transmission from imaging device to acquisition gateway. High speed Ethernet: use switch instead of backbone cable.

    15. Fiber distributed data interface Fiber-optic token ring LAN 100 MBPS Double ring for fault tolerance

    16. Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM switch serves as a hub (star) Data was chopped into fixed length cells (5 bytes ATM header plus 48 bytes data) Based on virtual-circuit packet-switching Basic rate: (optical carrier level) OC-1 = 51.84 MBPS OC-3 = 155 MBPS OC-12 = 622 MBPS

    17. Throughput of an ATM network The computer and the OS Number of simultaneous transmissions Network transmission protocol Storage device Data buffer

    18. Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet 10 MBPS 100 MBPS 1 GBPS (Latest network for PACS under a two-node connection)

    19. Connecting Networks Together Repeater (Physical layer) : Connects two networks with different media and restores the collision signals. Bridge (Data link layer) : Connects two similar networks Router (Network layer) : Connects different networks Gateway (Application layer) : Computer with dedicated communication software.

    20. Cables (10 BasedX) 10 Based5 : 10 MBPS BNC cable with a distance limited to 500 m 10 Based2 : 10 MBPS BNC cable with a distance limited to 185 m 10 BasedT : 10 MBPS RJ-45 cable with a distance limited to 100 m 100 BasedT : 100 MBPS RJ-45 cable

    21. Cables 10 BasedF: 10MBPS of fiber-optic cable with a distance limited to 1000 m Video cable: 50 W For 2K monitor: RG58 (short) or RG214U (up to 150 feet) 75 W For 1K monitor: RG59 (up to 100 feet)

    22. Design Criteria Speed Standardization Fault Tolerance Security Component Cost

    23. 1. Speed

    24. 2. Standardization The network performance can be effectively improved by increasing the memory data buffer in the applications Increasing the TCP send /receive buffer However, these modification may cause problems in network maintenance.

    25. 3. Fault Tolerance Backup, backup, and backup When the highest speed network fails, the PACS should be able to switchover to the next highest speed network until all network circuits exhausted The global Ethernet backbone will be the ultimate backup for PACS network.

    26. 4. Security A imaging network contains two networks: Outside Network PACS Network Outside network should be always monitored. PACS network are closed system and can be only accessed by authorized personnel at limited workstation.

    27. 5. Costs The PACS system is designed for clinical use and should be build as a very robust system with redundancy. Although costs are important, the PACS system should not be compromised in the selection of components.

    28. PACS Network Design

    29. 1 External Networks Manufacture’s image acquisition device network Hospital and radiology information system (HIS/RIS) Research and other network The internet Display workstation networks

    30. 1.1 Manufacture’s Image Acquisition Device Network Ethernet based, using TCP/IP or appropriate protocols, for examples: GE Medical System – Genesis Siemens Medical Systems – Sienet The image acquisition gateway computers has to be connected to this network No security with respect to the PACS system

    31. 1.2 HIS/RIS PACS network has to obtained patients’ data from HIS/RIS; PACS has to be authorized by the central network authority (CNA)

    32. 1.3 Research and Other Network PACS database is allowed to be accessed by research network The research and other network should be only able to query and retrieve but not deposit image data

    33. 1.4 The Internet A source of outside data E-mail or FTP

    34. 1.5 Display Workstation Network A subnet for display workstations to share information This network is open to all health care personnel Certain layers of permission should be authorized

    35. 2. Internal Networks This network has the maximum security Every outside information has to go through the gateway computer to be checked and scrutinized before deposited. Only PACS manager is authorized to allow data to be deposited to the archive through the internal network

    36. 3 An example PACS at UC San Francisco

    37. 3.1 Wide Area Network (WAN) To connect the radiology department at UCSF main campus to affiliated hospitals and clinics in the San Francisco Bay area. This network is consisted with T1 lines with 1.5 MBPS and ATM OC3 with 155MBPS

    38. 3.2 The Departmental Ethernet 150 Macintoshes For FTP, E-mail, and as a terminal to access PACS or HIS/RIS. Outside message has to go through campus network and the department network to transmit into the PACS system

    39. 3.3 LRI Research Network The Laboratory for Radiological Informalities research network connects all equipments in this lab: Image acquisition devices Laser film scanners Laser film printers Image processing computers Research image file servers Display workstations PACS system and the departmental Ethernet.

    40. 3.4 PACS External Network This network connects all imaging acquisition devices to the PACS including: CT, MRI, and CR units Film digitizers Nuclear medicine PACS Ultrasound PACS 1K and 2K viewing workstation

    41. 3.5 PACS Internal Network This network connects PACS controller and database to external networks This network is protected by firewall and routers, and the external networks can only access image files from the PACS controller.

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