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GREAT SALT

GREAT SALT. LAKE. THE SALT CONTENT IN GREAT SALT LAKE A VALUABLE RESOURCE. COMPOSITION OF THE SALT CHANGES IN CONCENTRATION BALANCE (INS AND OUTS) MOVEMENT WITHIN THE LAKE INDUSTRIAL USES. THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GREAT SALT LAKE BRINE. SODIUM = 32.8% POTASSIUM = 2.0%

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GREAT SALT

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  1. GREAT SALT LAKE

  2. THE SALT CONTENT INGREAT SALT LAKEA VALUABLE RESOURCE COMPOSITION OF THE SALT CHANGES IN CONCENTRATION BALANCE (INS AND OUTS) MOVEMENT WITHIN THE LAKE INDUSTRIAL USES

  3. THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GREAT SALT LAKE BRINE • SODIUM = 32.8% • POTASSIUM = 2.0% • MAGNESIUM = 3.3% • CALCIUM = 0.2% • CHLORIDE = 54.5% • SULFATE = 7.2% • BICARBONATE = VERY LOW • pH = approximately 7.5 to 8.5

  4. EFFECT OFLAKE LEVELON GREATSALT LAKEBRINESALINITY

  5. SOURCES ANDDEPLETIONS OF SALTIN GREAT SALT LAKE • TRIBUTARY INFLOW OF SALTS • REMOVAL THROUGH WEST DESERT PUMPING • REMOVAL OF SALTS BY INDUSTRIES • PRECIPITATION DURING LOW WATER

  6. ANNUAL TRIBUTARY INFLOW OF DISSOLVED SALTS TO GREAT SALT LAKE • ANNUAL INPUT OF SALT TO THE LAKE IS APPROXIMATELY 2.2 MILLION TONS SODIUM = 444,671 TONS POTASSIUM = 26,957 TONS MAGNESIUM = 94,735 TONS CALCIUM = 151,986 TONS CHLORIDE = 456,764 TONS SULFATE = 219,210 TONS BICARBONATE = 794,498 TONS TDS – 2,188,825 TONS

  7. EFFECTIVE INFLOW OF SALTS • SODIUM = 444,671 TONS • POTASSIUM = 26,957 TONS • MAGNESIUM = 94,735 TONS • CALCIUM = VERY LOW AS RIVERS FLOW INTO GREAT SALT LAKE, CALCIUM, BICARBONATE AND SOME SULFATE PRECIPITATE OUT AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND GYPSUM. THIS EFFECTIVELY REDUCES THE APPARENT TONS OF DISSOLVED SALTS THAT INTER THE LAKE FROM 2.2 MILLION TONS DOWN TO 1.24 MILLION TONS. CHLORIDE = 456,764 TONS SULFATE = 219,210 TONS BICARBONATE = VERY LOW TDS – 1,242,339 TONS

  8. EFFECT OF THE WESTDESERT PUMPING PROGRAM • APRIL 10, 1987 THROUGH JUNE 30, 1989, 2.73 MILLION ACRE-FEET OF NORTH-ARM BRINE WAS PUMPED FROM GREAT LAKE INTO THE 320,000-ACRE WEST POND • BECAUSE MORE-CONCENTRATED NORTH-ARM BRINE WAS PUMPED VERSUS SOUTH-ARM BRINE, AS THE PROJECT WAS INITIALLY DESIGNED TO USE, SALT WAS PRECIPITATED IN THE POND RATHER THAN BEING RETURNED TO THE LAKE. • OVER 500, 000 TONS OF SALT WERE DEPOSITED IN THE WEST POND. THIS AMOUNTED TO 12 TO 14 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF SALT CONTAINED IN GREAT SALT LAKE. RETURN OF THIS SALT TO THE LAKE WILL TAKE A VERY LONG TIME.

  9. REMOVAL OF SALTS FROM GREAT SALT LAKE BY LAKE INDUSTRIES. • DURING THE PRODUCTION OF SALT, MAGNESIUM METAL, CHLORINE GAS, POTASSIUM SULFATE, MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, AND NUTRITIONAL PRODUCTS, LAKE BRINE IS PUMPED INTO LARGE SOLAR EVAPORATION PONDS SYSTEMS WHERE IT IS EVAPORATED TO PRODUCE CONCENTRATED BRINES AND/OR SALTS. • APPROXIMATELY THREE MILLION TONS OF PRODUCTS ARE PRODUCED ANNUALLY FOR SALE. • IN ADDITION TO THE PRODUCED PRODUCTS, LARGE QUANTITIES OF SALT REMAIN SEQUESTERED IN THE SOLAR PONDS IF THE PONDS ARE NOT FLUSHED, THUS RETURNING THE SALTS TO THE LAKE.

  10. GREATSALTLAKEMINERALINDUSTRIES

  11. GREAT SALT LAKE’SMINERAL INDUSTRIES SOUTH ARM U.S. MAGNESIUM LLC. – MAGNESIUM METAL, CHLORINE GAS MORTON SALT – SODIUM CHLORIDE CARGILL SALT – SODIUM CHLORIDE NORTH ARM GREAT SALT LAKE MINERALS – K2SO4, MgCL2 NORTH AMERICAN SALT COMPANY – SODIUM CHLORIDE NORTH SHORE LIMITED PARTNERSHIP – NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS

  12. ISOLATION OF SALT DURING LOW-WATER YEARS • DURING THE EARLY 1960S, 1980S, AND DURING THE MOST RECENT DROUGHT, THE LEVEL OF GREAT SALT LAKE DROPPED MUCH BELOW ITS NORMAL ELEVATION OF ABOUT 4200 FEET. • DURING THESE LOW-WATER LEVELS, THE SALINITY OF THE LAKE WATER INCREASES AND SALT PRECIPITATES ONTO THE BOTTOM OF THE LAKE, ESPECIALLY TO THE NORTH OF THE RAILROAD CAUSEWAY. AS MUCH AS 6 FEET OF SALT WAS MEASURED DURING THE EARLY 1980S. • SALT PRECIPITATED ONTO THE BOTTOM OF THE NORTH ARM WILL REMAIN THERE UNTIL A HIGH-WATER EPISODE OCCURS AGAIN AND THE NORTH-ARM WATER BECOMES DILUTE ENOUGH TO DISSOLVE THE SALT. SUCH EPISODES ARE FEW AND FAR BETWEEN.

  13. MOVEMENT OF SALTS WITHIN THE LAKE • THE MAJORITY OF FRESH-WATER TRIBUTARY INFLOW TO THE LAKE ENTERS THE SOUTH ARM THROUGH THE JORDAN, WEBER, OGDEN, AND BEAR RIVERS, BRINGING SMALL AMOUNTS OF SALT INTO THE LAKE. • THE NORTH ARM OF THE LAKE RECEIVES SALTY WATER FROM THE SOUTH ARM AS IT FLOWS NORTHWARD THROUGH THE BREACH AND TWO CULVERT OPENINGS IN THE RAILROAD CAUSEWAY. • UNDER THE PROPER HYDRAULIC CONDITIONS, HEAVY NORTH-ARM BRINE WILL RETURN TO THE SOUTH ARM, AS RETURN FLOW, THROUGH THE BREACH AND CULVERT OPENINGS, AND THROUGH THE CAUSEWAY FILL ITSELF. RETURN FLOW FLOWS TO THE BOTTOM OF THE SOUTH ARM INTO THE DENSE, FETED BRINE LAYER. (SEE NEXT SLIDE).

  14. BIDIRECTIONAL FLOW THROUGH THE CAUSEWAY, BREACH, AND CULVERTS

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