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Kris Gaj

Kris Gaj. Research and teaching interests: cryptography computer arithmetic VLSI design and testing Contact: Science & Technology II, room 223 kgaj@gmu.edu (703) 993-1575. Office hours: Monday, 6:00-7:00 PM Tuesday, T hursday , 4:30-5:30 PM,

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Kris Gaj

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  1. Kris Gaj • Research and teaching interests: • cryptography • computer arithmetic • VLSI design and testing • Contact: • Science & Technology II, room 223 • kgaj@gmu.edu • (703) 993-1575 Office hours:Monday, 6:00-7:00 PM Tuesday, Thursday, 4:30-5:30 PM, and by appointment

  2. ECE 645 Part of: MS in CpE Digital Systems Design– pre-approved course Other concentration areas – elective course MS in EE Certificate in VLSI Design/Manufacturing PhD in ECE PhD in IT

  3. MS CpE: DIGITAL SYSTEMS DESIGN • Concentration advisors:Kris Gaj, David Hwang, Ken Hintz • ECE 545 Digital System Design with VHDL– D. Hwang, K. Gaj, project, FPGA design with VHDL, • Aldec/Synplicity/Xilinx • 2. ECE 645 Computer Arithmetic– K. Gaj, D. Hwang, project, FPGA design with VHDL or Verilog, • Aldec/Synplicity/Xilinx • 3. ECE 681 VLSI ASIC Design – N. Klimavicz, project/lab, back-end ASIC design with Synopsys tools • 4. ECE 586 Digital Integrated Circuits – D. Ioannou, Q. Li

  4. Prerequisites ECE 545 Introduction to VHDL or Permission of the instructor, granted assuming that you know VHDL orVerilog, High level programming language (preferably C)

  5. Prerequisite knowledge This class assumes proficiency with the FPGA CAD tools from ECE 545 You are expected to be proficient with: Synthesizable VHDL coding Advanced VHDL testbenches, including file input/output Xilinx FPGA synthesis and post-synthesis simulation Xilinx FPGA place-and-route and post-place and route simulation Reading and interpreting all synthesis and implementation reports

  6. Course web page ECE web page  Courses  Course web pages  ECE 645 http://ece.gmu.edu/coursewebpages/ECE/ECE645/S09/

  7. Computer Arithmetic Lecture Project Homework 10 % Midterm exam (in class) 15 % Final Exam (in class) 25 % Project 1 20 % Project 2 30 %

  8. Advanced digital circuit design course covering Efficient • addition and subtraction • multiplication • division and modular reduction • exponentiation • Elements • of the Galois • field GF(2n) • polynomial base Integers unsigned and signed Real numbers • fixed point • single and double precision • floating point

  9. Course Objectives • At the end of this course you should be able to: • Understand mathematical and gate-level algorithms for computer • addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation • Understand tradeoffs involved with different arithmetic • architectures between performance, area, latency, scalability, etc. • Synthesize and implement computer arithmetic blocks on FPGAs • Be comfortable with different number systems, and have familiarity • with floating-point and Galois field arithmetic for future study • Understand sources of error in computer arithmetic and basics • of error analysis • This knowledge will come about through homework, projects • and practice exams.

  10. Lecture topics (1) INTRODUCTION 1. Applications of computer arithmetic algorithms 2. Number representation • Unsigned Integers • Signed Integers • Fixed-point real numbers • Floating-point real numbers • Elements of the Galois Field GF(2n)

  11. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION 1. Basic addition, subtraction, and counting 2. Carry-lookahead, carry-select, and hybrid adders 3. Adders based on Parallel Prefix Networks

  12. MULTIOPERAND ADDITION 1. Carry-save adders 2. Wallace and Dadda Trees 3. Adding multiple signed numbers

  13. MULTIPLICATION 1. Tree and array multipliers 2. Sequential multipliers 3. Multiplication of signed numbers and squaring

  14. DIVISION • Basic restoring and non-restoring • sequential dividers • 2. SRTand high-radix dividers • 3. Array dividers

  15. LONG INTEGER ARITHMETIC • Modular Exponentiation • 2. Multi-Precision Arithmetic in Software

  16. FLOATING POINT AND GALOIS FIELD ARITHMETIC • Floating-point units • 2. Galois Field GF(2n) units

  17. Possible topics for a Scholarly Paper or Research Project for the CpE & EE students Advanced Computer Arithmetic Square root Exponential and logarithmic functions Trigonometric functions Hyperbolic functions Fault-Tolerant Arithmetic Low-PowerArithmetic High-Throughput Arithmetic

  18. Literature (1) Required textbooks: Behrooz Parhami, Computer Arithmetic: Algorithms and Hardware Design, Oxford University Press, 2000. Jean-Pierre Deschamps, Gery Jean Antoine Bioul, Gustavo D. Sutter, Synthesis of Arithmetic Circuits: FPGA, ASIC and Embedded Systems, Wiley-Interscience, 2006.

  19. Literature (2) Recommended textbooks: Milos D. Ercegovac and Tomas Lang Digital Arithmetic, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2004. Isreal Koren, Computer Arithmetic Algorithms, 2nd edition, A. K. Peters, Natick, MA, 2002. VHDL books: 1. Volnei A. Pedroni, Circuit Design with VHDL, The MIT Press, 2004. SundarRajan, Essential VHDL: RTL Synthesis Done Right, S & G Publishing, 1998.

  20. Literature (3) Supplementary books: • E. E. Swartzlander, Jr., Computer Arithmetic, • vols. I and II, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990. • 2. Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot, • and Scott A. Vanstone, • Handbook of Applied Cryptology, • Chapter 14, Efficient Implementation, • CRC Press, Inc.,1998.

  21. Literature (3) Proceedings of conferences ARITH - International Symposium on Computer Arithmetic ASIL - Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers ICCD - International Conference on Computer Design CHES - Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems Journals and periodicals IEEE Transactions on Computers, in particular special issues on computer arithmetic: 8/70, 6/73, 7/77, 4/83, 8/90, 8/92, 8/94, 7/00, 3/05. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration IEE Proceedings: Computer and Digital Techniques Journal of VLSI Signal Processing

  22. Homework • reading assignments • analysis of computer arithmetic algorithms • and implementations • design of small hardware units using VHDL or Verilog

  23. Midterm exams Midterm Exam - 2 hrs 30 minutes, in class multiple choice + short problems Final Exam – 2 hrs 45 minutes comprehensive conceptual questions, analysis and design of arithmetic units Practice exams on the web Tentative days of exams: Midterm Exam - Monday, March 23 Final Exam - Monday, May 11

  24. Project (1) Project I (20% of grade) Design and comparative analysis of fast adders (with various widths) • Optimization criteria: • minimum latency • maximum throughput • minimum area • minimum product latency · area • maximum ratio throughput/area • scalability Similar for all students Done individually Final report due Monday, March 16

  25. Project (2) Project II (30% of grade) Long unsigned or signed integers • Fast • multiplication • squaring • division • modular reduction, or • modular exponentiation or Floating-point numbers • Fast • addition or • multiplication

  26. Project II (rules) • Real life application • Requirements derived from the analysis of an application • Software implementation (typically public domain) • used as a source of test vectors and to determine • HW/SW speed ratio • Several project topics proposed on the web • You can suggest project topic by yourself Oral presentation: Monday, May 4 Written report: Friday, May 8

  27. Project II (rules) • Can be done in a group of 1-3 students • Every team works on a slightly different problem • Project topics should be more complex for larger teams • Cooperation (but not exchange of codes) • between teams is encouraged

  28. Degrees of freedom and possible trade-offs speed area ECE 645 power testability ECE 682 ECE 586, 681

  29. Degrees of freedom and possible trade-offs speed latency area throughput

  30. ECE 645 CAD Tool Flows • The above four design flows are all installed on the lab computers in ST2 203 and ST2 265 • The two design flows using XST can also be emulated on your laptop or home computer using the techniques shown on the web site: GMU FPGA CAD Tools at School and Home

  31. How to learn VHDL for synthesis by yourself? • Lecture slides for ECE 545 from Fall 2005 • Sundar Rajan, Essential VHDL: RTL Synthesis Done Right, • S & G Publishing, 1998. • Volnei A. Pedroni, Circuit Design with VHDL, • The MIT Press, 2004. • Individual or small-group hands-on sessions with the TA • Practice, Practice, Practice!!!

  32. Testbench Non-synthesizable testbench Synthesizable design entity . . . . Architecture N Architecture 2 Architecture 1

  33. Hardware Design Verification Testbench actual results HDL Design (VHDL or Verilog) = ? Representative Inputs Reference Model (C or MAGMA ) expected results

  34. Primary applications (1) Execution units of general purpose microprocessors Integer units Floating point units Integers (8, 16, 32, 64 bits) Real numbers (32, 64 bits)

  35. Primary applications (2) Digital signal and digital image processing e.g., digital filters Discrete Fourier Transform Discrete Hilbert Transform General purpose DSP processors Specialized circuits Real or complex numbers (fixed-point or floating point)

  36. Primary applications (3) Coding Error detection codes Error correcting codes Elements of the Galois fields GF(2n) (4-64 bits)

  37. Secret-key (Symmetric) Cryptosystems key of Alice and Bob - KAB key of Alice and Bob - KAB Network Decryption Encryption Bob Alice

  38. Primary applications (4) Cryptography Secret key cryptography IDEA, RC6, Mars Twofish, Rijndael Elements of the Galois field GF(2n) (4, 8 bits) Integers (16, 32 bits)

  39. Main operations Auxiliary operations 2 x SQR32, 2 x ROL32 XOR, ADD/SUB32 RC6 MARS XOR, ADD/SUB32 MUL32, 2 x ROL32, S-box 9x32 XOR ADD32 Twofish 96 S-box 4x4, 24 MUL GF(28) Rijndael 16 S-box 8x8 24 MUL GF(28) XOR 8 x 32 S-box 4x4 Serpent XOR

  40. Public Key (Asymmetric) Cryptosystems Private key of Bob - kB Public key of Bob - KB Network Decryption Encryption Bob Alice

  41. RSA as a trap-door one-way function PUBLIC KEY C = f(M) = Me mod N M C M = f-1(C) = Cd mod N PRIVATE KEY N = P  Q P, Q - large prime numbers e  d  1 mod ((P-1)(Q-1))

  42. RSA keys PUBLIC KEY PRIVATE KEY { e, N } { d, P, Q } N = P  Q P, Q - large prime numbers e  d  1 mod ((P-1)(Q-1))

  43. Primary applications (5) Cryptography Public key cryptography RSA, DSA, Diffie-Hellman Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems Long integers (1000-16,000 bits) Elements of the Galois field GF(2n) (150-500 bits)

  44. Primary applications (5) Cipher Breaking Public key cryptography RSA PUBLIC KEY RSA PRIVATE KEY { e, N } { d, P, Q } N = P  Q P, Q e  d  1 mod ((P-1)(Q-1))

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