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To learn about atmospheric pressure and how barometers work To learn the units of pressure

Objectives 13.1 Describing the Properties of Gases. To learn about atmospheric pressure and how barometers work To learn the units of pressure To understand how the pressure and volume of a gas are related To do calculations involving Boyle’s Law To learn about absolute zero

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To learn about atmospheric pressure and how barometers work To learn the units of pressure

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  1. Objectives 13.1 Describing the Properties of Gases • To learn about atmospheric pressure and how barometers work • To learn the units of pressure • To understand how the pressure and volume of a gas are related • To do calculations involving Boyle’s Law • To learn about absolute zero • To understand how the volume and temperature of a gas are related • To do calculations involving Charles’s Law • To understand how the volume and number of moles of a gas are related • To do calculations involving Avogadro’s Law

  2. Properties of Gases • In organized soccer, a ball that is properly inflated will rebound faster and travel farther than a ball that is under-inflated. If the pressure is too high, the ball may burst when it is kicked. You will study variables that affect the pressure of a gas.

  3. Compressibility • Compressibility • Why are gases easier to compress than solids or liquids are?

  4. Compressibility • Compressibility is a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure. When a person collides with an inflated airbag, the compression of the gas absorbs the energy of the impact.

  5. Compressibility • Gases are easily compressed because of the space between the particles in a gas. • The distance between particles in a gas is much greater than the distance between particles in a liquid or solid. • Under pressure, the particles in a gas are forced closer together.

  6. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure • Factors Affecting Gas Pressure • What are the three factors that affect gas pressure?

  7. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure • The amount of gas, volume, and temperature are factors that affect gas pressure.

  8. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure • Four variables are generally used to describe a gas. The variables and their common units are • pressure (P) in kilopascals • volume (V) in liters • temperature (T) in kelvins • the number of moles (n).

  9. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure • Amount of Gas • You can use kinetic theory to predict and explain how gases will respond to a change of conditions. If you inflate an air raft, for example, the pressure inside the raft will increase.

  10. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure • Collisions of particles with the inside walls of the raft result in the pressure that is exerted by the enclosed gas. Increasing the number of particles increases the number of collisions, which is why the gas pressure increases.

  11. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure • If the gas pressure increases until it exceeds the strength of an enclosed, rigid container, the container will burst.

  12. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure • Aerosol Spray Paint

  13. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure • Volume • You can raise the pressure exerted by a contained gas by reducing its volume. The more a gas is compressed, the greater is the pressure that the gas exerts inside the container.

  14. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure • When the volume of the container is halved, the pressure the gas exerts is doubled.

  15. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure • Temperature • An increase in the temperature of an enclosed gas causes an increase in its pressure. • As a gas is heated, the average kinetic energy of the particles in the gas increases. Faster-moving particles strike the walls of their container with more energy.

  16. Factors Affecting Gas Pressure • When the Kelvin temperature of the enclosed gas doubles, the pressure of the enclosed gas doubles.

  17. A. Pressure • Measuring Pressure • Barometer – device that measures atmospheric pressure • Invented by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643

  18. A. Pressure • Atmospheric Pressure • Changing weather conditions

  19. A. Pressure • Atmospheric Pressure • Changing altitude

  20. A. Pressure • Units of Pressure 1 standard atmosphere = 1.000 atm = 760.0 mm Hg = 760.0 torr = 101,325 Pa

  21. A. Pressure • Units of Pressure • A manometer measures the pressure of a gas in a container.

  22. B. Pressure and Volume: Boyle’s Law • Robert Boyle’s experiment

  23. B. Pressure and Volume: Boyle’s Law

  24. B. Pressure and Volume: Boyle’s Law • Graphing Boyle’s results

  25. B. Pressure and Volume: Boyle’s Law • This graph has the shape of half of a hyperbola with an equationPV = k • Volume and pressure are inversely proportional. • If one increases the other decreases.

  26. Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume

  27. B. Pressure and Volume: Boyle’s Law Another way of stating Boyle’s Law is P1V1 = P2V2 (constant temperature and amount of gas)

  28. C. Volume and Temperature: Charles’s Law • As the temperature of the water increases, the volume of the balloon increases.

  29. C. Volume and Temperature: Charles’s Law • Graphing data for several gases

  30. C. Volume and Temperature: Charles’s Law • It is easier to write an equation for the relationship if the lines intersect the origin of the graph. • Use absolute zero for the temperature

  31. C. Volume and Temperature: Charles’s Law • These graphs are lines with an equation V = bT (where T is in kelvins) • Volume and temperature are directly proportional. • If one increases the other increases. • Another way of stating Charles’s Law is V1 = V2 • T1 T2 • (constant pressure and amount of gas)

  32. D. Volume and Moles: Avogadro’s Law

  33. D. Volume and Moles: Avogadro’s Law • Volume and moles are directly proportional. • If one increases the other increases. • V = an • constant temperature and pressure • Another way of stating Avogadro’s Law is V1 = V2 • n1 n2 • (constant temperature and pressure)

  34. Objectives 13.2 Using Gas Laws to Solve Problems • To understand the ideal gas law and use it in calculations • To understand the relationship between the partial and total pressure of a gas mixture • To do calculations involving Dalton’s law of partial pressures • To understand the molar volume of an ideal gas • To learn the definition of STP • To do stoichiometry calculations using the ideal gas law

  35. A. The Ideal Gas Law • Boyle’s Law V = k(at constant T and n) P • Charles’s Law V = bT (at constant P and n) • Avogadro’s Law V = an (at constant T and P) We can combine these equations to get

  36. A. The Ideal Gas Law • Rearranging the equation gives the ideal gas law • PV = nRT • R = 0.08206 L atm • mol K

  37. B. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures • What happens to the pressure of a gas as we mix different gases in the container?

  38. B. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures Dalton’s law of partial pressures • For a mixtures of gases in a container, the total pressure exerted is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases present. • Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3

  39. B. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures • The partial pressure of oxygen must be 10.67 kPa or higher to support respiration in humans. The climber below needs an oxygen mask and a cylinder of compressed oxygen to survive.

  40. B. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures • The pressure of the gas is affected by the number of particles. • The pressure is independent of the nature of the particles.

  41. B. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures Two crucial things we learn from this are: • The volume of the individual particles is not very important. • The forces among the particles must not be very important.

  42. B. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures Collecting a gas over water • Total pressure is the pressure of the gas + the vapor pressure of the water.

  43. B. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures Collecting a gas over water • How can we find the pressure of the gas collected alone?

  44. C. Gas Stoichiometry Molar Volume • Standard temperature and pressure (STP) • 0oC and 1 atm • For one mole of a gas at STP • Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP 22.4 L

  45. Graham’s Law • Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to move toward areas of lower concentration until the concentration is uniform throughout.

  46. Graham’s Law • Bromine vapor is diffusing upward through the air in a graduated cylinder.

  47. Graham’s Law • After several hours, the bromine has diffused almost to the top of the cylinder.

  48. Graham’s Law • During effusion, a gas escapes through a tiny hole in its container. • Gases of lower molar mass diffuse and effuse faster than gases of higher molar mass.

  49. Graham’s Law • Thomas Graham’s Contribution • Graham’slaw of effusion states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas’s molar mass. This law can also be applied to the diffusion of gases.

  50. Graham’s Law • Comparing Effusion Rates • A helium filled balloon will deflate sooner than an air-filled balloon.

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