Chapter 12.1

1. Chapter 12.1 “China Responds to Pressure from the West”

2. Setting the Stage • 18th Century – China was stable, secure empire with thousand year-old traditions • The Chinese looked down upon all foreigners • When an English ambassador brought gifts to the emperor in 1793 as an attempt to open talks with China, the emperor rejected the offerings

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4. Chinese Products in High Demand • Food – Rice (native) & maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts (imported from the Americas). More food = more people. • Mined Products – salt, tin, silver, iron, ore • Manufactured goods – cotton, porcelain  The Chinese were self-sufficient with a growing economy and population

5. Quick Write Why might the Chinese be opposed to opening up trade with other countries?

6. Tea & Opium • China was closed to trade except for in one port city • China exported (sold to the British) massive amounts of tea each year = $$$$! • In return, the British were permitted to sell some cheap goods in China, which drained the British silver supply • The British began selling opium to the Chinese as a cash crop

7. Opium • Was used in Chinese medicine as a pain reliever • The British smuggled it into China and sold it as a “recreational drug” • 12 Million Chinese citizens became addicted to smoking opium

8. Opium War • The Chinese Emperor was furious that opium was destroying the country and demanded that the Brits stop selling it • The British and the Chinese went to war over the sale of opium; the Chinese lost and signed a treaty which granted the British rights to Hong Kong and granted foreigners exemption from Chinese laws in several port cities.

9. THINK – PAIR – SHARE The sale of opium was not allowed in Britain. That is to say, the British could not buy their own cash crop for “recreational use” because the British government recognized that opium is a dangerous and destructive product. • How do you think opium dealers justified the sale of such a dangerous product in China? • To what extent do people still justify the sale of damaging products today?

10. Problems in China • Food shortages • Flooding • Deteriorating infrastructure • Corrupt government • Discouraged population addicted to opium • The people decided to rebel against their government, the Qing Dynasty

11. Taiping Rebellion • “Great Peace” rebellion • Hong Xiuquan wanted all Chinese people to share China’s wealth – no one would have to live in poverty • ~1 million peasant soldiers joined the rebellion fought and gained control of a sizeable southeastern region • Eventually the Qing & allies regained control (destroyed farmland,14 years, and 20 million+ casualties later…)

12. Taiping Rebellion

13. Taiping Rebellion: The Aftermath • After the rebellion (and other smaller rebellions), China felt pressure to make reforms • The Dowager Empress was reluctant to give up traditional values, but made “self strengthening” reforms: focus on education, diplomacy, manufacturing military arsenals • Reforms met luke-warm reception: slight morale boost, but materials were imported for manufacturing

14. Taking Advantage of China • Since China was weak, many nations looked to take advantage (e.g., gain territory, resources) • Many western countries grabbed hold of China and exerted power over the economy (controlled trade and investment) • China eventually became open to trade from all countries (by force)

15. The Boxer Rebellion • The Dowager Empress arrested her nephew, executed leaders, and reversed reforms made without her permission • Chinese people had finally had enough misery and unfair treatment • “Boxers” seized a European section of the city – “Death to foreign devils” • New sense of nationalism and need for reforms