History of Psychology Three Beginnings

1. History of PsychologyThree Beginnings • Psychiatric • Freud and psychoanalysis • Testing • Galton, Binet and intelligence testing • Academic • Wundt, James, Watson, Gestalt - laboratory psychology

2. Psychiatric TraditionMajor Theorists • Freud • Jung • Adler • Ego Psychologists • Erickson • Horney • Sullivan

3. Psychiatric TraditionMajor Assumptions • Can’t rely on what people say or do to indicate problems. • Much or most of mental life is unconscious • Must understand people comprehensively as a dynamic whole. • Can’t understand just a part of the individual • Best approach is a clinical approach • More is learned by studying people who are sick

4. Testing TraditionMajor Theorists • Galton • Spearman • Cattel • Eysenck • Binet

5. Testing TraditionMajor Assumptions • Psychology is primarily a product of biology. • emphasis on nature over nurture and evolution • There are only a few ways that people differ. • a small number of traits can explain the difference between people • People’s traits can be understood through simple tests. • paper and pencil tests are the way people are studied

6. Academic TraditionMajor Theorists • Wundt -Atomism • James - Pragmatism • Watson, Skinner - Behaviorism • Lewin - Gestalt

7. Academic TraditionMajor Assumptions • Psychology is best when the causes are understood. • The why is more important than the how or when • People’s thought and actions can be understood • By observing people we can understand them • Systematic study produces the fullest understanding. • Set up labs and experiments

8. Three New Beginnings of Psychology • Psychiatric Tradition • Humanistic Approach • Trait Tradition • Development of the Big 5 model of Personality (OCEAN) • Academic Tradition • Cognitive Revolution

9. Research Methodology - Basic Philosophy of Science • Our ideas can often be wrong • We set out to demonstrate they are wrong • When we can not prove them wrong we accept them for now • We may well prove them wrong later • What is accepted is influenced by what is popular • What is accepted is shaped by political forces and has political impact

10. Ways of Doing Research • Tension between Discovery and Explanation • Case Study • Anna O. • Naturalistic Observation • Jane Goodall’s research with Chimps • Survey • Establishes generality and Correlations • Experiment • Establishes Causation

11. Research Methods -Surveys and Establishing Representativeness • Representative Group of People • Random Sampling • Ask Unbiased Questions • Establishes Correlation Among Variables

12. Correlation is not Causation - How Do you Establish Causation • Correlation - • When one variable changes the other variable changes • Time Order - • Which comes first the chicken or the egg • Elimination of all other possible causes • random assignment

13. Exposure to Violent Media Exposure to Violent Media Exposure to Violent Media Does Violent Media Cause Violent Actions? Violent Actions Violent Actions Violent Actions Something Else

14. How Experiment try to Establish Causality • Independent Variables - • Experimental group(s) • Control group(s) • Dependent Variables - • Valid • Reliable • Time Order is built in • Independent variable lead to dependent variables • Eliminating other causes • random assignment