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2. Resources Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Standardized Test Prep Transparencies

3. Reptiles and Birds Chapter 34 Table of Contents Section 1 The Reptilian Body Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds

4. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Objectives • Describe the key characteristics of reptiles. • Relatea reptile’s ectothermic metabolism to its activity level. • Summarizethe adaptations that enable reptiles to live on land.

5. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Key Characteristics of Reptiles • Reptiles have a strong, bony skeleton. Most have two pairs of limbs.They have toes with claws. • Reptiles have an ectothermic metabolism. • Reptiles have dry, scaly skin. • Reptiles have amniotic eggs.

6. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Key Features of Reptiles

7. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Characteristics of Reptiles

8. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Key Characteristics of Reptiles, continued Ectothermic Metabolism • Reptiles’ ectothermic metabolism is too slow to generate enough heat to warm their bodies, so they must absorb heat from their surroundings. • A reptile’s body temperature is largely determined by the temperature of its environment. • At low temperatures, most reptiles become sluggish and unable to function.

9. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Changes in Lizard Body Temperature

10. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Comparing Endotherms and Ectotherms

11. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Water Retention • Unlike amphibians, reptiles can be considered fully terrestrial. • Reptiles have adaptations that free them from the water requirements of amphibians.

12. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Water Retention, continued Watertight Skin • Reptiles have a skin made of light, flexible scales. • These scales overlap and form a protective, almost watertight skin that minimizes water loss.

13. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Comparing Amphibian and Reptile Skin

14. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Water Retention, continued Watertight Eggs • A reptile’s amniotic egg provides a moist environment in which the embryo develops. • An amniotic egg contains both a water supply and a food supply. • The amniotic egg’s tough shell keeps the egg from drying out.

15. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Amniotic Egg

16. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Parts of an Amniotic Egg

17. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Respiration • Because reptiles are far more active than amphibians, they have greater metabolic requirements for oxygen.

18. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Respiration, continued Lungs • Unlike the skin of an amphibian, the scaly skin of a reptile does not permit gas exchange. • The lungs of most reptiles have many internal folds, greatly increasing their surface area. • Reptiles have strong muscles attached to their rib cages. These muscles help to move air into and out of the lungs, increasing the lungs’ efficiency.

19. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Alveolus/Alveoli

20. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Respiration, continued Heart • In reptiles, the septum extends into the ventricle, partly dividing it into left and right halves. • As a result, oxygen is delivered to the body cells more efficiently than in amphibians. • Crocodiles have a heart with a completely divided ventricle.

21. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Reptilian Heart Structure

22. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Reptile Heart

23. Chapter 34 Section 1 The Reptilian Body Reproduction • Reptilian eggs are fertilized within the female, a process called internal fertilization. • Many reptiles are oviparous, meaning the young hatch from eggs. • Some species of snakes and lizards are ovoviparous, which means the female retains the eggs within her body until shortly before hatching, or the eggs may hatch within the female’s body.

24. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Objectives • Compare the four living orders of reptiles. • Describethe timber rattlesnake’s adaptation for locating and capturing prey. • Comparethe parental care of crocodilians with that of other reptiles.

25. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Lizards and Snakes • Snakes and lizards belong to the order Squamata. • A characteristic of this order is a lower jaw that is loosely connected to the skull. This enables snakes and many lizards to swallow large prey.

26. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Types of Reptiles

27. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Characteristics of Snakes and Lizards

28. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Lizards and Snakes, continued Lizards • Most lizards are carnivores. • Most lizards are small, measuring less than 30 cm (1 ft) in length.

29. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Lizards and Snakes, continued Snakes • The skeleton of snakes lacks a pectoral girdle, the supporting bones for the bones of the forelimbs. • Snakes do not have teeth suited for cutting and chewing. • Some snakes are constrictors, squeezing their prey until it suffocates, then eating it. Other snakes kill their prey with poisonous venom.

30. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles External Structure of a Timber Rattlesnake

31. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Internal Structure of a Timber Rattlesnake

32. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Anatomy of a Snake

33. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Other Orders of Reptiles • The remaining orders of living reptiles contain far fewer species than the order Squamata does. • There are about 250 or more species of turtles and tortoises, all classified in the order Chelonia. • There are about 25 species of crocodiles in the order Crocodilia. There are only two species of tuataras in the order Rhynchocephalia.

34. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Other Orders of Reptiles, continued Turtles and Tortoises • The bodies of turtles and tortoises are encased within a hard, bony, protective shell. • The carapace is the dorsal (top) part of the shell, and the plastron is the ventral (bottom) portion. • Turtles and tortoises lack teeth but have jaws covered by sharp plates, which form powerful beaks.

35. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Characteristics of Turtles

36. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Carapace and Plastron

37. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Other Orders of Reptiles, continued Crocodiles and Alligators • Crocodiles and alligators are aggressive carnivores. • They capture their prey by stealth, drawing it underwater to be drowned and eaten. • Unlike other living reptiles, crocodilians care for their young after hatching.

38. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Characteristics of Crocodiles and Alligators

39. Chapter 34 Section 2 Today’s Reptiles Other Orders of Reptiles, continued Tuataras • Tuataras are lizardlike reptiles up to 70 cm (2 ft) long. • The two living species of tuataras are members of the genus Sphenodon and are native to New Zealand.

40. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Objectives • Summarizethe key characteristics of birds. • Describehow a bird’s feathers and bone structure aid flight. • Summarizehow a bird’s lungs and heart are adapted for high efficiency. • Relatethe structure of a bird’s feet and beak to its habits and diet.

41. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Key Characteristics of Birds • Unlike reptiles, birds lack teeth and have a tail that is greatly reduced in length. • Like reptiles, birds have amniotic eggs. They also have feet and legs that are covered with scales. • Birds have feathers and forelimbs modified into wings.

42. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Characteristics of Birds

43. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Parts of a Bird Brain

44. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Characteristics of Birds

45. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Bird Adaptations for Flight

46. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Key Characteristics of Birds, continued Feathers • Feathers are modified reptilian scales. Contour feathers cover the bird’s body and give adult birds their shape. • When a bird preens, it spreads oil from its preen gland over its feathers, cleaning and waterproofing them. • Down feathers cover the body of young birds and are found beneath the contour feathers of adults.

47. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Contour Feather Structure

48. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Parts of a Feather

49. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Preening

50. Section 3 Characteristics and Diversity of Birds Chapter 34 Key Characteristics of Birds, continued Strong, Lightweight Skeleton • The bones of birds are thin and hollow. Some of the bones are fused, providing extra strength. • Birds have a large breastbone with a prominent keel for muscle attachment. • Muscles used in flight are attached to the breastbone and fused collarbones.