UNIT 2: Topic 3

1. Plant Reproduction and Breeding UNIT 2: Topic 3

2. What is selective breeding? • Choosing specific plants with particular characteristics and encouraging those plants to reproduce

3. Plants are also bred to withstand environmental conditions such as: • Hardiness • Yield • Resistance to disease • How well it stores Heather, Callunavulgaris, one of Britain's hardiest plants

4. Genes • Genetic material in a plant

5. Genetically Modified Plants • Scientists combine genetic material from two different plants, so it has genes from both.

6. Plant Reproduction • Asexual reproduction happens when a “parent” plant grows new plants from its foots, stems, or leaves.

7. Vegetative Reproduction • When young plants are identical to the parents- usually happens when a new plant grows from the root of another. Can also occur through stems

8. Grafting • To take a branch from one tree and attach it to another http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpgbpbewU3E

9. Seed Plant Reproduction http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/plants/flowers.htm

10. 1. Parts of a Flower

11. 2. Pollination • Occurs when pollen has been transferred from the anther to the stigma. When the pollen grain germinates on the stigma it creates a burrow called the pollen tube as it travels toward the ovary • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDM8OtS5MPM

12. 3. • When the pollen grain reaches the ovule, fertilization occurs

13. 4. • Pollination must take place before fertilization can take place

14. 5. • The fertilized embryo will become a tiny new plant inside the seed

15. Pollination • Two types of pollination are self-pollination and cross- pollination

16. 2 ways of cross-pollination • 1. Wind • 2. Animals

17. Artificial Pollination • When plant breeders breed plants for specific purposes

18. Once a plant has been pollinated, a seed is formed! Inside the seed is a tiny plant that is called an embryo. It is protected by a seed coat that helps it stay alive or dormant.

19. What conditions does a seed need to be able to grow? • Sunlight • Water • Air

20. When you bite into a pear you are eating a fruit! What is the function of fruit for a plant? • A fruit is the growing ovary of the plant that swells and protects the developing seeds of a plant until they are ripe.

21. Name 5 ways that seeds are spread • Wind • Water (ex. Coconut) • Eaten by animals • “Hitch a ride” on animals • Fire

22. Farmers use machines to spread seeds like wheat, canola, barley.

23. Germination • The development of a seed into a new plant. http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/plants/flowers.htm