Chapter 13

1. Chapter 13 Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence

2. Presentation Overview • The Use of Multimedia • Creating Digital Media • Creating Multimedia • Artificial Intelligence

3. Multimedia Web Pages Flash and Shockwaveare leading sources of Web movies and games Shockwave– more intensive format, requiring more time to download larger 3-D movies Flash– faster and commonly used for cartoonlike imagery both provide fast, easily created movies that transmit over Internet as part of a Web page The Use of Multimedia

4. Educational Tools schools and colleges use online courses as valuable teaching medium online courses incorporate sound, images, and videos within a text framework multimedia tutorials are helpful for special education students because materials are presented in various forms The Use of Multimedia

5. Computer Games about 50 percent of Americans play computer games on a regular basis game consoles rival personal computers for power and are priced under $300 online games involve thousands of players and enable them to chat, have adventures, and interact in worlds that exist only inside a computer The Use of Multimedia

6. Computer Games multimedia PCs are most costly and high-powered computers on consumer market running a game makes a computer work harder than any other task because it requires fast 3-D video, sound, and networking–often all at once The Use of Multimedia

7. Online Gaming Terminology The Use of Multimedia

8. Online Gaming Terminology (continued) The Use of Multimedia

9. Digitizing– reducing a picture, sound, text, or movie to a series of on-off settings that can be stored on a computer. Digital media – an advantage over analog data because it can be reproduced an infinite number of times with no degradation of quality. Creating Digital Media

10. Painting and Drawing Programs Bitmap-based (paint) graphics programs provide tools that users can use to create and edit drawings by changing pixels from white to black or color. Vector-based (draw) graphics programs provide tools that users can use to create, edit, and combine mathematically defined geometric shapes. Creating Digital Media

11. Creating Digital Media Some Standard Graphics File Formats

12. Graphics File Formats Native format – format that is specific to the application in which it is made Exporting– saving graphic in a standard file format Importing – placing a graphic from a standard file format into another document or file Data compression – conversion program can compress a bitmap image into another file format that looks almost as good and requires less file space Creating Digital Media

13. Shown here are a compressed bitmap file and an uncompressed bitmap file of the same image Creating Digital Media

14. Vector Graphics stored as a series of codes representing different shapes, each with a color, size, and starting position cannot reproduce a detailed image such as a face wireframe diagram can use three-dimensional techniques to create, using vector graphics, a wireframe that can be stretched and rotated as desired; bitmaps are drawn on top of the wireframe to create a three-dimensional effect Creating Digital Media

15. Clip Art Images icon-like images that are sizable and can be inserted into the text of a report or Web pages to liven up the screen somewhat generic, tending to feature items such as images of spinning globes, stop signs, or stylized computers Creating Digital Media

16. Raster Image Editing Adobe Photoshop and Corel Photo House can edit digitized photographs digitized photographs are stored as raster images, or a collection of pixels most common file format used for digitized photos is the Tag Image File Format (TIFF or TIF) Creating Digital Media

17. 3-D Modeling Programs create what appears to be three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface requires combined talents of an artist and an advanced computer user requires enormous computing power Creating Digital Media

18. Computer Animation computer graphic special effects (CG FX) allow users to draw computer animated graphics far cheaper to create computer animated graphics than use traditional techniques animated graphics are easily manipulated so that any image can be redrawn until it is just right Creating Digital Media

19. The sound of someone singing is captured by sampling the sound and then storing the measurements in binary format for use by the computer. Creating Digital Media

20. Wave Files records any kind of sound by storing masses of binary numbers and measuring exactly how much voltage to send out to the speakers each fraction of a second in order to reproduce the sound a human voice sounds very real at a sampling rate of 11 KHz clear, sharp musical reproductions are recorded at 44 KHz Creating Digital Media

21. Musical Instrument Digital Interface digitally simulates musical instruments MIDI file only needs to know which notes to play on each instrument to reproduce music used to create background music for games MIDI files reproduce rather poorly on PCs Creating Digital Media

22. MP3 Sound Compression Technique takes a wave file and reduces it by 90%, leaving behind a high-quality reproduction uses a data compression system that works in a similar fashion to JPEG or GIF formats possible for a device the size of a credit card to hold an entire library of music Creating Digital Media

23. Digital Movies significantly enhance the movie-viewing experience through their high-quality sound and pictures do not degrade with each showing and therefore do not skip, buzz, or flicker Creating Digital Media

24. Movie Compression Techniques MPEG file format – movie equivalent of the MP3 music format MPEG2 file format – high-quality format DVD players use MOV file format – apple format AVI file format – older Windows format Flash – moving images for Web pages Creating Digital Media

25. Digital Cable offers wide selection of stations, typically several hundred, with the capability of expanding to 2,000 stations provides clearer picture but takes longer to come into focus provides easily accessible information buttons and scheduling data Creating Digital Media

26. Digital Video Recorder (DVR) operates as a digital TV cable box and can also perform the job of HD TV support records TV on a hard drive inside the box is able to pause and rewind live TV for later viewing Creating Digital Media

27. High-Definition TV has more lines and more pixels—thus, higher resolution offers sharper picture quality requires stations to buy expensive new hardware increased bandwidth forces some TV cable networks to remove channels from their list Creating Digital Media

28. Steps in Creating Multimedia plan the work create the elements to be included in the work combine the elements to create the work write the work to a portable storage medium such as a CD-ROM, or post the work on the Web Creating Multimedia

29. Sequential Page-Based Multimedia sequence of pages or slides appearing one after the other and incorporating elements such as text, sound, graphics, and video material is presented in a fixed order appropriate for sales presentations, lectures, or step-by-step descriptions of how to accomplish a task Creating Multimedia

30. Hypertext Page-Based Multimedia set of pages containing links that can be followed at will user can move from page to page or click on links to graphics, text, sound, or video files author prepares a tree diagram showing links between pages Creating Multimedia

31. This tree diagram shows links between pages in a simple multimedia presentation. Creating Multimedia

32. Movie-Based Multimedia work can be a movie or series of movies that stop from time to time, enabling users to follow links a storyboard is prepared to plan sequential page-based multimedia or movie-based multimedia storyboards consist of sketches of the pages or frames as they will appear in the final work Creating Multimedia

33. Creating the Content of the Work text prepared using a word processing program graphics created in painting, drawing, or 3-D modeling programs, or taken from clip art or stock sources images produced by traditional means or scanned and edited in a graphics program Creating Multimedia

34. Hardware/Software for Creating Multimedia sound digitizing card enables computer to capture and process digitized sounds programs such as SoundEdit and Deck capture and edit sounds video digitizing card captures and digitizes video images and sound programs such as VideoVision and Adobe Premier capture and edit images Creating Multimedia

35. Combining the Elements simplest works are documents that move from page to page invoking multimedia elements placed on the pages more complex works use PDF files incorporating pages created in other programs such as graphics, presentation, or page layout programs most complex works save elements as single tracks that are combined and synchronized into a single file Creating Multimedia

36. The goal of artificial intelligence (AI) is to develop computers that can perform functions normally reserved for humans: thinking, talking, seeing, feeling, walking, and learning from their mistakes. Artificial Intelligence

37. AI Technology Trends moving toward limited, focused applications goal of AI has shifted to augmenting human capabilities rather than supplanting them three primary areas of artificial intelligence applications are cognitive science, natural interfaces, and robotics Artificial Intelligence

38. Three primary areas of artificial intelligence applications are cognitive science, natural interfaces, and robotics. Artificial Intelligence

39. Cognitive Science Application the study and simulation of the human mind based on biology, neurology, psychology, and other disciplines focuses on researching how the human brain thinks and learns types of applications are intelligent agents, experts systems, data mining, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, and neural networks Artificial Intelligence

40. Intelligent Agent provides an intuitive assistant (agent) that can utilize knowledge based on past experience and predictions of likely future behavior agents goal is to reduce difficult tasks down to a few simple mouse clicks that can be completed quickly Artificial Intelligence

41. Expert System embodies human expertise in a particular field works by questioning the user and then drawing a conclusion from the information provided a knowledge engineer specializes in building knowledge bases of rules the computer can prove or disprove an inference engine asks the questions and draws the conclusions Artificial Intelligence

42. Data Mining finds new ways to use masses of data stored in databases of large corporations sorts existing data to provide more carefully targeted marketing and pricing of products able to determine with good accuracy whether a new offering will succeed or fail Artificial Intelligence

43. Genetic Algorithms applies a Darwinian (survival of the fittest) method to problem solving uses a computer to create thousands or millions of slightly varied designs and then tests and selects the best of them chooses most successful designs for new mutations, producing crossovers by mixing together traits of the survivors Artificial Intelligence

44. Fuzzy Logic System attempts to model human reasoning by allowing for approximations and incomplete input data allows users to input “fuzzy” data works more naturally with the user by piecing together an answer similar to what a traditional expert system uses Artificial Intelligence

45. Comparison of traditional SQL query and equivalent fuzzy logic query Artificial Intelligence

46. Neural Network simulates the physical workings of the human mind generally starts off with only an input source, some form of output, and a goal learns by trial and error how a desired output affects the input the “gain” controls the change rate of the firing threshold of the neurons which, in turn, controls how fast a system will learn or unlearn something Artificial Intelligence

47. Natural Interface Applications Speech recognition – computer can take dictation and perform requested actions Natural language interfaces – goal is a machine that can read a set of news articles on any topic and understand what it has read Artificial Intelligence

48. Natural Interface Applications Virtual reality – characterized in terms of its immersiveness, which measures how real the simulated world feels and how well it can make users accept it as their own Mental interfaces – uses sensors mounted around the skull to read alpha brain waves; measures brain activity and interprets it as a command Artificial Intelligence

49. Robots as Androids Robots – machines capable of independent movement Androids – simulated humans Visual perception – computer security programs exist that recognize an individual human thumbprint or face Audio perception – identifying a single voice and interpreting what is being said amid background noise is a goal of programmers Artificial Intelligence

50. Robots as Androids Tactile perception – robot must be able to feel an object AND must be able to sense how much pressure to apply to that object; must be dexterous enough to perform small actions such as placing a chip at a precise spot in a circuit board Locomotion – most mobile robots use wheels or treads which limit mobility but make them easier to control Artificial Intelligence