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Outlines

Outlines. Choosing and narrowing topic Brainstorming Brainstorming Part of Paragraph Unity Coherence Review on sentence structure. Kontrak Perjanjian. Mahasiswa harus hadir tepat waktu. 10 menit setelah perkuliahan berlangsung mahasiswa tidak diperkenankan masuk

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Outlines

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  1. Outlines • Choosing and narrowing topic Brainstorming • Brainstorming • Part of Paragraph • Unity • Coherence • Review on sentence structure

  2. Kontrak Perjanjian • Mahasiswa harus hadir tepat waktu. 10 menit setelah perkuliahan berlangsung mahasiswa tidak diperkenankan masuk • Mahasiswa harus memenuhi presensi 75 % kehadiran. • Evaluasi (penilaian) dilakukan berdasarkan hasil tugas-tugas, dan ujian UTS maupun UAS. • Mahasiswa harus memakai pakaian yang sopan dan rapi. Dilarang keras menggunakan sandal dan kaos oblong. • Selama perkuliahan berlangsung semua HP (hand phone) harap dimatikan atau getar.

  3. CHOOSING AND NAROWING TOPIC ACADEMIC WRITING TONE OF YOUR WRITING DICTION GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE

  4. In writing assignment you must narrow the topic to a particular aspect of that general subject, so that you can write about it clearly and completely.

  5. NARROWING TOPIC Environment (General Topic) Pollution Ocean pollution Oil spills Effects on sea life (very specific topic)

  6. Exercise • Narrow each of the general topics to one specific aspect that could written about in one paragraph. • 1. School • 2. Television • 3. Sports • 4. Food • 5. Entertainment

  7. BRAINSTORMING • After you have chosen a topic and narrowed it to a specific focus, the next prewriting step is to generate ideas. • Three kinds of Brainstormingtechniques are Listing, Free writing, and Clustering.

  8. LISTING • A brainstorming technique in which we think about our topic quickly make a list of whatever words or phrases come into our mind. • Our purpose is to produce as many ideas as possible in a short time, and our goal is to find a specific focus for our topic. • (Open page 4, the example of listing) • Do the exercise on page 6, practice 2

  9. CLUSTERING • A brainstorming technique that we can use to generate ideas. • How to use this technique • In the center of our paper , write our topic and draw ”balloon” around it. This is our center or core. Then write whatever ideas come to us in balloons around the core. Think about each of these ideas and make more balloons around them.

  10. EXAMPLE Always pray To God Very relegius Gives 2,5 % salary To the mosque Reading Al-Qur’an Every day My father Exercise enthusiast Heart problem Sport s fan workaholic Stays late at office Works six days a week

  11. PART OF PARAGRAPH • Paragraph is basic unit of organization in writing in which a group of related sentences develops one main idea. • The three parts of paragraph: • 1. TOPIC SENTENCE • Topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. It consists of topic and controlling idea.

  12. TOPIC SENTENCE • TOPIC • CONTROLLING IDEA. (LIMITS THE TOPIC TO ONE OR TWO AREAS THAT CAN BE DISCUSSED COMPLETELY IN THE SPACE OF A SINGLE PARAGRAPH). • Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristic • TOPIC CONTROLLING IDEA

  13. THREE IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT TOPIC SENTENCE • A topic sentence is a complete sentence, it contains subject, verb and (usually) a complement. • A topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea. • A topic sentence is the most general statement in the paragraph because it gives only the main idea. It does not ive any specific details.

  14. The Position of Topic Sentence • The first paragraph • The Last paragraph • Sandwich style (the first and the last sentence of the paragraph)

  15. SUPPORTING SENTENCES • Supporting sentences develop the topic sentence. That is, they explain the topic sentence by giving reasons, examples, facts, statistics and quotations.

  16. KINDS OF LOGICAL ORDER • CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER • LOGICAL DEVISION • COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

  17. Chronological Order • One of the easiest methods of organization to master. (is a way of organizing the ideas in a paragraph in the order of their occurrence in time) • Chronos is a Greek word meaning time. • It is used for something as simple as a recipe and for something as complex as a history book. • There are two keys to writing a good chronological paragraph: • 1. Discuss the events (in narrative) or the steps (in a process) in the order in which they occur • 2. Use chronological transition signals to indicate the sequence of events or steps. • Open page 58-60

  18. Logical Division • One of the most common ways to organize ideas in English. When we use logical division, we group related ideas together and discuss each group, one after the other • Example: We are asked to divide the members of our class into groups. ( by gender or by age) Open page 62

  19. Comparison/Contrast • Comparison and contrast involves analyzing the similarities and differences between two or more items. • The content of a comparison and contrast an vary. Some paragraphs emphasize similarities, while others emphasize differences or we can also discuss both similarities and differences in one paragraph if we don’t have many points to discuss. • Open page 65- 68

  20. CONCLUDING SENTENCE • A concluding sentence serve three purposes: • It signals the end of the paragraph • It summarizes the main points of the paragraph • It gives a final comment on the topic and leaves the reader with the most important ideas to think about.

  21. END-OF-PARAGRAPH SIGNAL

  22. UNITY • All of the sentences in paragraph discuss only one idea. • Every supporting sentence must directly explain or prove the main idea that is stated in the topic sentence. • Open page (31-34)

  23. COHERENCE COHERE HOLD TOGETHER The sentence must hold together; that is, the movement from one sentence to the next must be logical and smooth. There must be no sudden jumps. Each sentence should flow smoothly into the next one.

  24. FOUR WAYS TO ACHIEVE COHERENCE • Repeating key nouns • Using consistent pronoun • Using transition signal • Arranging the sentences in logical order • Open page 41-44

  25. TYPES OF SENTENCES • Clauses is a group of words that contains (at least) a subject and a verb • Independent Clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence by itself. An independent clause is formed with

  26. Dependent Clauses • A dependent clause begins with a subordinator such as when, while, if, that, or who. • A dependent clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence by it self. Subordinator+subject+Verb(+complement)

  27. CLAUSE CONNECTORS

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