The Pros of Hybrid Vehicles

1. The Pros of Hybrid Vehicles By Nicolas Silveira ChelitaBorbon Vanessie Christensen Elizabeth Goulet

2. The Hybrid Car By Nicolas Silveira

3. Brief History of Hybrids - A hybrid vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move a vehicle. - Hybrid technology for the use of automobiles has been around since the late 1800s with combination of electric and steam power or electric and combustion engines. - The 1970s oil crisis brought hybrid prototypes in response to high gas prices. Not very commercially viable. - In 1997 the Toyota Prius was introduced in Japan and later introduced to the United States in 2000. This was the first commercially mass produced hybrid.

4. How Hybrids Work • - The figure in the slide depicts a Hybrid electric vehicle (or HEV) that uses a gasoline engine as the main source of power, and an electronic engine as supplemental power that increases efficiency of the vehicle. - The electric battery component is usually made out of lithium ion or nickel metal hydride. - Include systems that recapture energy from braking, and converting it to electricity to be stored in the battery. Also known as regenerative braking. • - Emphasis on aerodynamic design and the use of lightweight materials for vehicle composition and components in order to maximize fuel efficiency.

5. Alternative Hybrid Engine Uses • Aircraft • Ground operations of next generation Boeing 737s use hybrid electric drives that reduce fuel consumption. • According to the RITA Bureau of Transportation Statistics, approximately 12,800 MILLION gallons of jet and aviation fuel was consumed in 2009. • Railway • Use rechargeable energy storage technology (high capacity batteries) which captures energy from regenerative breaking. • Companies such as GE and Hitachi have fully functional lines of hybrid trains that reduce emissions and fuel consumption. • Currently the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom have all implemented hybrid train use.

6. The Hybrid Battery By ChelitaBorbon

7. Hybrid Car Batteries

8. The Most Commonly Used Hybrid Car Battery • Nickel Metal Hydride • NiMH –in my different versions of hybrid cars, and have different variations in the amount of energy they produce. This is because manufactures are testing to see what version of the NiMH battery is most effective. • NiMH batteries are also proven to be less toxic than our Lead-Acid batteries commonly used in non-hybrid cars. • Examples shown: Prius, Highlander, Fordescape • Other Examples not shown: Honda Insight, Saturn Vue

9. Toyota Prius Hybrid Battery(Nickel Metal Hydride) The Prius produces 201.6 volts of energy.

10. Ford Escape Hybrid Battery . The total energy of the battery pack is 330 volts.

11. Toyota Highlander-NiMH Produces 500 volts. This battery pack provides 40 percent more power than the Prius battery, despite being 18 percent smaller.

12. Progression: Lithium Ion Batteries • A NiMH battery carries twice as much energy per pound over the conventional Lead-Acid battery that is in the average car. • The Li-ion cells hold roughly twice as much energy per pound as do the previous generation of advanced batteries, nickel-metal-hydride batteries which is the standard battery in most hybrids today.

13. Lithium-ion vs. Nickel-Metal Hydride • 30 percent smaller • 50 percent lighter • Two to three times the power for the same mass, greater acceleration and fuel efficiency • Three to four times the energy for the same mass, greater electric-only vehicle range and fuel efficiency • Two to three times faster recharge • Enhanced cycle life (battery operating life)

14. Environmental Impacts • Carbon Nanotube Batteries: (Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science) • Coating the anode of a lithium ion battery with a nanotube membrane, they could extend the storage life and discharge capacity. • Possibility of recharging in minutes • Extending the life indefinitely • Cutting the cost of Hybrids According to the Environmental Defense: Lead Nickel Metal Hydride Lithium Ion

15. How Are Hybrid Batteries Recycled? Toyota and Honda both reclaim and recycle nearly 100% of their hybrid batteries- Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC), Toyota Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd. (Toyota Chemical Engineering), Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd. (Sumitomo Metal Mining) and Primearth EV Energy Co., Ltd. (PEVE) launched the world’s first business to recycle nickel in used hybrid-vehicle nickel-metal-hydride batteries for use in new nickel-metal-hydride batteries.

16. How are Hybrid Batteries Recycled? continued… • The two companies also offer a $200 incentive for hybrid car owners to return their batteries: On the hybrid battery is a a phone number for hybrid car owners to locate drop off locations as well as receive their reward/incentive for returning the battery. • Lithium recycling plants are already in the works! • Umicore

17. Hybrids reduce pollution By Vanessie Christensen

18. “Greenhouse Effect” • Occurs naturally • Humans have substantially increased the amount of GHG’s in the atmosphere • Altering the composition of the atmosphere & influencing climate • GHG’s come from human activities & natural sources • Carbon Dioxide Burning Fossil Fuels, & Automobiles! Volcanoes, Forest Fires, & Biological Processes

19. Figure 1. Source: Samaras and Meisterling 2008.

20. The Combustion Process Gasoline and diesel fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons (H, O, and C atoms), which are burned by combining with oxygen. Fuel Air Hydrocarbons Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Water Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon Monoxide (CO) *N and S atoms are also present and combine with O when burned to produce gases. Hence, automotive engines emit several types of pollutants…

21. Air Pollutants Released from Combustion in Vehicles • Carbon Monoxide(CO):a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas • 2/3 of the carbon monoxide emissions come from transportation sources, with the largest contribution coming from cars. • Carbon monoxide decreases the ability of your blood to carry oxygen. • Nitrogen Oxides (Nox) • Catalytic converters in car exhaust systems break down heavier nitrogen gases, forming nitrogen dioxide (NO2) • Can irritate airways, especially your lungs. Nitrogen oxides are precursors for the formation of other smog components such as ground level ozone • Carbon dioxide (CO2):a GHG that traps the earth's heat and contributes to climate change

22. Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5): contains substances including metals, acids, carbon, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons • Can be inhaled deep into the lungs • Aggravates respiratory or cardiovascular diseases • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs):come from unburned or partially-burned fuel • VOCs vary widely in toxicity • Some are cancer-causing agents • Precursors to ozone • Air Toxics: pollutants such as benzene, 1,3-butadiene, & formaldehyde • Contain cancer-causing agents

23. Air Pollutants- Why Should We Care? OZONE! SMOG! • Ozone: forms from reactions involving VOC and NOx from vehicles • irritates airways and can trigger reactions in people who have asthma Smog: produced by a set of complex photochemical reactions involving VOCs, nitrogen oxides and sunlight, which form ground-level ozone Effects: asthma, emphysema, & other respiratory problems; eye irritation & reduced resistance to colds and lung infections

26. What Makes a Hybrid Vehicle Unique? • Idle-stop System: Shutting down the engine during traffic stops or while coasting or idle periods • Dual Engines/Motors:results in a smaller engine, lower weight, and greater fuel efficiency • Regenerative Braking: captures & converts kinetic energy into electricity • Especially in stop-and-go traffic • Greater Battery Storing Capacity: reuses recaptured energy • Improved Aerodynamics • Low Rolling Resistance:harder tires = greater gas mileage

27. How do Hybrids Reduce Such Air Pollutants? A Hybrid reduces incidence of gasoline waste and total chemical atmospheric release • Although the pollution associated w/the production of fuel for Hybrids = the pollution created in the production of fuel for conventional vehicles, their pollution is significantly reduced because the vehicle has a greater fuel efficiency By switching to a hybrid, you can literally save the Earth a couple tons of GHG’s!

28. Conserve Gasoline Reserves! • By switching to a Hybrid vehicle, gasoline consumption will be cut in half, thus saving the other 50% for generations to come.

29. It’s a Start! “Everyone on this planet has an effect on the environment, but the largest impact any one person tends to have on the environment, especially to greenhouse gas emissions, is through the use of an automobile. It is because of this that individuals have in their power the ability to make a significant contribution to the fight against global warming. Consumers using hybrid cars are becoming a growing force in the attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions.” -Laurence O’Sullivan • Although perhaps not long-term, it is a short-term solution that can only lead us in the right direction.

30. Hybrids reduce dependency on oil By Elizabeth Goulet

31. Hybrid vehicles require less oil

32. Visualize it. • We use 14 million barrels of oil a day for transportation- 70% total oil consumption • A barrel is 160 liters • This picture is equivalent to 2 barrels • Imagine this 7 million times • That’s our daily usage for transportationalone

33. Environmental Impacts of Oil • Finding sources of oil • Extracting oil • Transporting oil

34. Finding oil reserves • Researchers send seismic waves into the ground- what bounces back indicates whether oil is there based on topography • Seismic activity affects whales and other marine life, leading to mass whale beaching • In June 2008 ExxonMobile had to stop exploring around Madagascar because 100 whales beached themselves • Building roads on land to explore undeveloped land disrupts pristine environments

35. Extracting oil • Further disrupts ecosystems as land gets fragmented by roads and drilling sites • Stresses sensitive species at important life stages • Alaska pipeline in region where caribou, moose, and polar bears cross to give birth: vulnerable • Fish can normally flush out PAH toxin from oil wells, but increased stress -> cancer

36. Oil transport problems: spills • Accidents are inevitable but disastrous • 1989: Exxon-Valdez spill- Prince William Sound, Alaska • 1991: Gulf War spill- Persian Gulf • 2010: Deepwater Horizon spill- Gulf of Mexico • Constant spills in developing regions • Nigeria: from 1982-1992, 1.6 million gallons spilled in 27 instances • 700 spills a year in Russia’s pipelines

37. Spills devastate the environment • Lethal effects on plankton- primary producers • Seabirds dive through oil layer on water’s surface. Feathers covered in oil -> drowning, starvation, and loss of heat • High concentrations of PAH from oil kills organisms or causes birth defects, impaired growth, and skewed sex ratios • Accumulation on shoreline and in shallow water

38. Lasting effects on the environment • Mangroves are the base of some ecosystems. Oil kills them off and recovery can take decades • 20 years after Exxon-Valdez spill, animals high in food chain just recovering

39. Hybrids average 50mpg • Makes one gallon of oil go twice as far • Cuts demand for oil in half

40. Works cited (websites) http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/378.PDF http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_04_05.html http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920909001266 http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/does-hybrid-car-production-waste-offset-hybrid-benefits1.htm

41. Durning, Alan. “Plug-In Hybrids Revisited.” 2 October 2008. Web. 17 October 11. http://daily.sightline.org/2008/10/02/plug-in-hybrids-revisited • Hunt, Tam. “Why Electric Vehicles Will Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” 11 January 2011. Web. 17 October 2011. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/01/why-electric-vehicles-will-significantly-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions • “Greenhouse Gases.” Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 17 October 2011. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicators/pdfs/CI-greenhouse-gases.pdf • “Global Warming and Your Vehicle Choice.” 26, March 2006. • “Hybrid Cars and Global Warming. Automobiles that Give Better Fuel Economy and Lower Greenhouse Gases.” 13, April 2008.

42. Works Cited • http://www.hybridcars.com/battery-toxicity.html • http://www.greenhybrid.com/hybrid-car-articles.php • http://epiphytic.com/what-is-a-hybrid-car/ • http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-car-battery • http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-car-battery • http://www.carseek.com/articles/hybrid-car-batteries.html • http://www.hybridcars.com/battery-toxicity.html

43. Rebuttal

44. Improving hybrid technology decreases oil use

45. Hybrids are especially good for specific regions to maximize benefits • Los Angeles • very high amount of smog • relatively high gas prices (currently as high as $5/gallon) • lots of traffic: in stop and go situations, hybrids operate on their electric batteries -> no emissions • engines also shut off when stopped for a period of time • Taxis in high density urban areas

47. It’s not that bad! A hybrid (ex. Prius) only has to be driven 13,000 miles for its CO2 savings to outweigh production emissions– about the distance you drive in a year Toyota is decreasing CO2 emissions during production– solar panels at their Tsutsuni location provide half the energy needed for daily operations Water discharged from the Tsutsumi location is 5x cleaner than river water

48. Inco factory in Ontario Inco nickel factory at Sudbury in Ontario, Canada: environmental damage there predated Prius production by 30 years Since then, Inco reduced sulphur dioxide emissions by 90%+ and planted 11 million trees It is praised by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and environmental groups, with conservation awards and is an eco-tourism center

49. Special new features New features- solar powered ventilation to circulate cooling air within the car’s cabin and reduce the temperature inside the car to a level approaching the external ambient temperature

50. Excellent secondary cars A hybrid car may have less lifetime miles than other more traditional cars, but they are often secondary cars used for small town errands or getting around in the city- times when you’re going to want to maximize mileage and minimize emissions