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D N A

D N A. Deoxyribonucleic Acid. The earth is 150 billion m or 93 million miles from the sun. DNA by the Numbers. Each cell has about 2 m of DNA. The average human has 75 trillion cells. The average human has enough DNA to go from the earth to the sun more than 400 times.

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D N A

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  1. D N A Deoxyribonucleic Acid

  2. The earth is 150 billion m or 93 million miles from the sun. DNA by the Numbers • Each cell has about 2 m of DNA. • The average human has 75 trillion cells. • The average human has enough DNA to go from the earth to the sun more than 400 times. • DNA has a diameter of only 0.000000002 m.

  3. Cool Gene Facts • Humans have approximately 30,000 genes. • A roundworm has 19,098 genes • Yeast has 6,034 genes. • Human DNA is 98 percent identical to chimpanzee DNA. • If two different people started reciting their individual genetic code at a rate of one letter per second, it would take almost 8 ½ minutes before they reached a difference!!

  4. What is located in the nucleus? Chromosomes that contain DNA What type of organic compound is DNA? Nucleic acid What is the monomer of DNA? nucleotide

  5. What does the DNA of all these organisms have in common? They all share a universal genetic code.

  6. History of Heredity Why am I so gorgeous?

  7. Gregor Mendel • Gregor Mendel determined that traits were passed from generation to generation. But, I haven’t figured out how this happens

  8. A T A A T A T A A A T T T T C C G C G G Erwin Chargaff • Chargaff discovered that DNA contains the same amount of adenine as thymine and the same amount of cytosine as guanine.

  9. Rosalind Franklin &Maurice Wilkins • Franklin and Wilkins used x-ray to discover that DNA was a double helix.

  10. Watson & Crick won a Nobel Prize for discovering the structural model of DNA. They credited Wilkins and Franklin. Wilkins also got a Nobel Prize but Franklin did not. Rosalind had passed away and the Nobels are not awarded posthumously. Watson and Crick

  11. DNA is a Nucleic Acid • What is a nucleic acid? Nucleic acids are one of the major organic compounds.

  12. Nucleic acids contain C, H, N, O, P Are made up of nucleotide monomers Double helix shape Store genetic information and acts as a template for protein synthesis nitrogen base sugar phosphate

  13. What is the monomer of DNA? What is the structure of this monomer? PO4 N base Sugar Sugar DNA Structure phosphate sugar nucleotide nitrogen base PO4 N base

  14. 3. 1. 2. 2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose) 3. Nitrogen Base 1. Phosphate Group 3. 1. O 2. H3 C O O O P C C H2 C O O C N H H C H H C N C H C C H O H O H O A NUCLEOTIDE 1. Phosphate Group 2. 5-Carbon Sugar(Deoxyribose) 3. Nitrogen Base Nucleotides can be shown like this too

  15. G A N base T C Nucleotides • There are four nitrogen bases making up four different nucleotides. Adenine Purines Guanine Thymine Pyrimidines Cytosine Pyrimidines are CUT from purines.

  16. Fun Fact If you unraveled all your chromosomes from all of your cells and laid out the DNA end to end, the strands would stretch from the Earth to the Moon about 6,000 times. If you unraveled all your chromosomes from all of your cells and laid out the DNA end to end, the strands would stretch from the Earth to the Moon about 6,000 times.

  17. Adenine always bonds with thymine. A = T Guanine always bonds with Cytosine. G  C Chargaff’s Base Pair Rules T A The lines between the bases represent hydrogen bonds C G

  18. Pairing DNA Nucleotides • What would be the complementary nucleotide pairing? • What is the base pairing rule? • What is a nucleotide? P N-b Nucleotide S C G Rule A A to T A G C to T G

  19. 5’End 3’End 3’End 5’End DNA DOUBLE HELIX ladder shaped molecule

  20. DNA must have a “helper” molecule. RNA stands for RiboNucleic Acid Ribose is the sugar RNA is a single stranded nucleic acid made up of monomers called nucleotides nitrogen base sugar phosphate What is RNA?

  21. B A C RNA Nucleotides • A - Sugar (ribose) • B - Phosphate • C - Nitrogen base nitrogen base sugar phosphate Name the parts of the nucleotide.

  22. Cytosine pairs with Guanine Adenine pairs with Uracil Rules for Base Pairing C = G A = U Notice that RNA has Uracil (not thymine)

  23. C = G A = U Rules for Base Pairing 3’ DNA strand C G A U G C T A RNA strand 5’ DNA strand

  24. Carries DNA’s message code Helps make protein 3 Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) What is the function of RNA?

  25. RNA • Identify the parts of the RNA strand. Nitrogen Base Sugar (ribose) Phosphate Group

  26. Comparing DNA & RNA √ √ √ √ √ √

  27. Comparing DNA & RNA √ √ √ √ √

  28. Comparing DNA & RNA √ √ √ √ √

  29. Comparing DNA & RNA √ √ √ √ √ √ √

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