Lab 3 The Blood Vessels Gilbert Pitts, Ph.D., Joseph Schiller, Ph.D. & James F. Thompson, Ph.D.

1. Lab 3 The Blood VesselsGilbert Pitts, Ph.D., Joseph Schiller, Ph.D. & James F. Thompson, Ph.D.

2. Lab 3: Objectives • Examine: • Slide #44 of artery, vein, and capillaries; #45 of atherosclerosis • Circulatory tree and torso models • Arm blood vessels model • Vessels on heart, torso, thorax, and pelvis models • Palpate superficial pulse points/take apical pulse • Biopac L07-ECG-Pulse: ECG and pulse (including effect of cold temperature and raising arm (gravity) on pulse amplitude) • Biopac L017-HS-1 (Heart Sounds): ECG and heart (valve) sounds

3. Vessel Structure • All vessels have the same basic structure • 3 layers in the wall • Tunica adventitia (externa) - elastic and laminar fibers • Tunica media • thickest layer • smooth muscle fibers and elastic fibers • Tunica interna (intima) • endothelium – non-stick layer • basement membrane • internal elastic lamina • lumen = opening

4. Aorta – Elastic Fibers Visible

5. Vessel Structure - Histology • Very different morphology under light microscopy • Tunica media thickness distinguishes arteries from veins

6. Vessel Structure - Histology Vein Artery Vein Artery internal elastic lamina

7. Valves of the Heart • Four named valves: tri- and bi-cuspid (mitral) valves between the atria and ventricles and semi-lunar valves between ventricles and main arteries • Valves also close the entry points to the atria • All these valves prevent back flow of the blood Bicuspid (Mitral) Tricuspid Semi-lunar

8. The Cardiac Cycle • Understand the relationship between electrical and mechanical events • Left ventricular ejection creates our pulse

9. Pulse Points Palpate the pulse in these areas, except the femoral artery.

10. Biopac L07-ECG-Pulse: ECG and pulse pulse Caution: Electrode clips are fragile; place cords where they will not be stepped on, in use, or when you are through!

11. BioPac: EKG & Pulse Tracing • Calibration: be sure pulse plethysmograph is not too tight or too loose • Treatment 1: seated, relaxed, 15 secs. • Treatment 2: free hand (LEFT) plunged into ice water, 15-30 seconds. • Treatment 3: plethysmograph hand raised over head, 15 secs.

12. Actual pulse tracings look like this: The heart beat is followed by the pulse pressure wave in the finger During what part of the ECG does ventricular ejection occur? What does the arrow represent?

13. BioPac: EKG & Pulse Tracing Peak to peak (P-P) measures difference between the highest point and the lowest points within the selected region. Record results in Table 1. Print and label your graph to turn in according to your lab guide instructions. R to R Cardiac cycle duration (delta T) & QRS amplitude (P-P) Pulse duration (delta T) Pulse strength (P-P)

14. Biopac L017-HS-1 (Heart Sounds) • You must change the Biopac cable connections to the box for the heart sounds Biopac lab! • The stethoscope should be plugged in to channel 1 • The ECG leads need to be plugged into channel 2

15. Ascultating Heart Sounds A P T B/M

16. Biopac L017-HS-1 (Heart Sounds) Begin your data collection by using the Note Sounds button. Do not use record until you have completed the notation of valve sounds. Record the sounds on p. 3-25. Print and label your graph to turn in.

17. When identifying heart sounds, choose the greatest deflection up or down during data analysis Select area from R-wave to 1st heart sound (delta T) T-wave to 2nd heart sound (delta T) Record measurements in Table 2 Print and label your graph to turn it in Biopac L017-HS-1 (Heart Sounds) 1 2

18. Homework • Complete and turn in the questions on pages 3-23 to 3-26 • Be sure to include labeled graphs for each of the Biopac experiments (total: 2) • LAB 3-23: Only record Apical, Radial, and Pulse deficit at the top of the page (skip the bottom answer spaces) • Complete Assignment 3 on MasteringAandP.

19. End Lab 3