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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Religion. Key Issue #1. Where are religions distributed?. Where Are Religions Distributed?. Universalizing religions Seek to appeal to all people About 60% of the world Ethnic religions Appeal to a smaller group of people living in one place About 25% of the world.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Religion

  2. Key Issue #1 Where are religions distributed?

  3. Where Are Religions Distributed? • Universalizing religions • Seek to appeal to all people • About 60% of the world • Ethnic religions • Appeal to a smaller group of people living in one place • About 25% of the world

  4. World Distribution of Religions Figure 6-3

  5. World Population by Religion Fig. 6-1a: Over two-thirds of the world’s population belong to Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism. Christianity is the single largest world religion.

  6. Where Are Religions Distributed? • Universalizing religions • Christianity • The largest world religion (about 2 billion adherents) • Many adherents in Europe, the Americas • Three major branches • Roman Catholicism (51 percent) • Protestant Christianity (24 percent) • Eastern Orthodox (11 percent) • Other, smaller branches of Christianity comprise 14 percent of all Christians

  7. Distribution of Christians in the United States Figure 6-2

  8. Diffusion of Christianity Fig. 6-5: Christianity diffused from Palestine through the Roman Empire and continued diffusing through Europe after the fall of Rome. It was later replaced by Islam in much of the Mideast and North Africa.

  9. Where Are Religions Distributed? • Universalizing religions • Islam • The second-largest world religion (about 1.3 billion adherents) • Significant clusters in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia • Core of Islamic belief = the five pillars • Two significant branches • Sunnis (83 percent) • Shias or Shiites (16 percent)

  10. Diffusion of Islam Fig. 6-6: Islam diffused rapidly and widely from its area of origin in Arabia. It eventually stretched from southeast Asia to West Africa.

  11. Where Are Religions Distributed? • Universalizing religions • Buddhism • About 400 million adherents (difficult to quantify) • Significant clusters in China, Southeast Asia • The Four Noble Truths • Three branches • Mahayana (China, Japan, Korea) • Theravada (Southeast Asia) • Tantrayana (Tibet, Mongolia)

  12. Diffusion of Buddhism Fig. 6-7: Buddhism diffused gradually from its origin in northeastern India to Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, and eventually China and Japan.

  13. Diffusion of Universalizing Religions Fig. 6-4: Each of the three main universalizing religions diffused widely from its hearth.

  14. Where Are Religions Distributed? • Ethnic religions • Hinduism • The third-largest religion in the world (900 million adherents) • 97 percent of Hindus are found in India • Many paths to spirituality

  15. Where Are Religions Distributed? • Ethnic religions • Other ethnic religions • Confucianism (China) • Daoism (China) • Shinto (Japan) • Judaism (today: the United States, Israel) • The first monotheistic religion • Ethnic African religions • Animism

  16. Shintoism and Buddhism in Japan Fig. 6-8: Since Japanese can be both Shinto and Buddhist, there are many areas in Japan where over two-thirds of the population are both Shinto and Buddhist.

  17. Ethnic Religions Buddhism Hinduism Figure 6-5 Figure 6-4

  18. Religions of the United States

  19. Key Issue #2 Why do religions have different distributions?

  20. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Origin of religions • Universalizing: precise origins, tied to a specific founder • Christianity • Founder: Jesus • Islam • Prophet of Islam: Muhammad • Buddhism • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama

  21. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Origin of religions • Ethnic: unclear or unknown origins, not tied to a specific founder • Hinduism • No clear founder • Earliest use of Hinduism = sixth century B.C. • Archaeological evidence dating from 2500 B.C.

  22. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Diffusion of religions • Universalizing religions • Christianity • Diffuses via relocation and expansion diffusion • Islam • Diffuses to North Africa, South and Southeast Asia • Buddhism • Slow diffusion from the core

  23. Diffusion of Universalizing Religions Figure 6-6

  24. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Limited diffusion of ethnic religions • Universal religions usually compete with ethnic religions • Examples of mingling: • Christianity with African ethnic religions • Buddhism with Confucianism in China and with Shinto in Japan • Ethnic religions can diffuse with migration • Judaism = exception

  25. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Holy places • In universalizing religions • Buddhist shrines • Holy places in Islam = associated with the life of Muhammad • In ethnic religions • Holy places in Hinduism = closely tied to the physical geography of India • Cosmogony in ethnic religions

  26. Diffusion of Universalizing Religions Figure 6-17

  27. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • The calendar • In ethnic religions = celebration of the seasons • The Jewish calendar • The solstice • In universalizing religions = celebration of the founder’s life

  28. Holy Sites in Buddhism Fig. 6-9: Most holy sites in Buddhism are locations of important events in Buddha’s life and are clustered in northeastern India and southern Nepal.

  29. Key Issue #3 Why do religions organize space in distinctive patterns?

  30. Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Ways? Figure 6-19 • Places of worship • Many types: Christian churches, Muslim mosques, Jewish synagogues, Hindu temples, Buddhist and Shinto pagodas, Bahá’í houses of worship

  31. Church in New Mexico

  32. Church in Vermont

  33. St. John the Baptist in savannah

  34. Shrine in Thailand

  35. Shrine in Japan

  36. Buddhist Wall Relief in China

  37. Hindu Temple in Bangladesh

  38. Shinto Shrine

  39. Buddhist Pagoda

  40. Omar Mosque in Jerusalem

  41. Mosque in timbuktu, mali vs. abuja, nigeria

  42. Scroll of Isaiah Mickve Israel Western/Wailing Wall in Jerusalem

  43. The golden templeamritsar, India

  44. Bahá'í Houses of worship

  45. Angkor watCambodia

  46. Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Ways? • Sacred space • Disposing of the dead • Burial • Other ways of disposing of the dead • Religious settlements • Religious place names

  47. Cemeteries

  48. Muslim Cemetery

  49. Tombs

  50. Religious Toponyms Figure 6-21

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