海洋生態學 Marine Ecology

1. 海洋生態學 Marine Ecology 中山大學海洋生物所 劉莉蓮 Room no. 海A3030 Office hour : Monday 9:00 – 12:00 Tel: 525-2000 ext. 5108 E-mail: lilian@mail.nsysu.edu.tw TA:張靖峰 m925010012@student.nsysu.edu.tw

2. 課程簡介 科學是什麼？ 生態學簡介 (20 min. film) 不同環境之比較

3. 2/18 What is Ecology ？ Liu2/25 Ecosystems: components, energy flow and matter cycling Liu 3/3 Evolution and biodiversity: origins, niches & Adaptation (Liu,chap 6) 3/10 Marine environment Chen (chapter 1) 3/17 Oceanic environments around Taiwan Chen3/24 Marine organisms Chen (chapters 2,3,4)3/31 Marine organisms (1 hr exam.) Chen (chapters 5,6)4/7 Production, food web Chen (chapter 7) 4/14 Marine habitats Chen (chapter 8) 4/21 Marine habitats Chen (chpater 9)4/28 global change and ocean (1 hr exam.) Chen (chapter 12)5/5 Population biology (I)...... Liu (chapter 10)5/12 Population biology (II) Liu (chapter 10)5/19 Community ecology...... Liu (chapter 11)5/26 Human beings and ocean Liu (chapter 12)6/2 Conservation biology in Taiwan Liu (chapter 13) (field trip, low tide 13:43 0.12m)6/9 Coastal ecology and ecological engineering...Liu 6/16 Final

4. 科學是什麼？ Science is an attempt to discover order in nature and use that knowledge to make predictions about what is likely to happen in nature.

5. Scientific approach Ask a question Do experiments and collect data Interpret data Well-tested and accepted patterns in data become scientific laws Formulate hypothesis to explain data Do more experiments to test hypothesis Revise hypothesis if necessary Well-tested and accepted hypotheses become scientific theories

6. B-eye C-nose D-mouth From (2002) “exploring facial symmetry in entry-level geometry classrooms”

7. From (2002) “exploring facial symmetry in entry-level geometry classrooms”

8. References Lemley, B. 2000 Isn’t she lovely ? Discover 21(2): http://www-psych.nmsu.edu/victorpg.html http://www.compscipreprints.com/comp/Preprint/vperlib/20030121.1/1/ITC2001.pdf

9. Ecology 1. From the Greek words oikos, “house” or “place to live”, and logos, “study of”. 2. The study of how organisms interact with one another and with their nonliving environment.

10. 生態系 ecosystem • 生態系的定義 • 一定空間內，生物與非生物成分經由物質的循環、能量的流動、信息的交換，相互作用、相互依存所構成的系統。 組成份 • 生物成分 (Biotic Community) • 非生物成分 (Abiotic Environment)

11. Biotic factors (living environments) Biosphere Abiotic factors (non-living environments) Lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere

12. ‧Important terms: Species Population Community Ecosystem (i.e. rain forest) Biome 生物群落 Biosphere Abiotic factors

13. ‧Species: All the members of a specific organism with similarity of appearance and/or capacity for interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The Pantropical spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata (Gray, 1846). ‧Population: All the members of a particular species occupying a given area. ‧Biotic community: All the populations of different plants, animals and microbes occupying a given area.

14. ‧Abiotic factors: The physical environment where the biotic community staying, e.g. light, temperature, pH, etc. ‧Ecosystem: The biotic community together with the abiotic factors. ‧Biome群落: A grouping of all the ecosystems of a similar type, e.g. tropical rain forests, coral reefs. ‧Biosphere: All the species on Earth along with all their environments seen as one vast ecosystem.

15. ‧Biotic structure of ecosystems Producers Consumers Detritus feeders and decomposers ．Feeding relationships Food chains Food webs Trophic levels & Biomass pyramid ．Nonfeeding relationships: Mutualism Symbiosis

16. Lithosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Ecosystems Biosphere Human activities

17. 生態系的基本功能 • 生物生產 • 初級生產(Primary Production) • 太陽能 → 化學能 • 簡單無機物 → 複雜有機物 • 次級生產(Secondary Production) • 消費者(herbivores, carnivores)或分解者(bacteria, fungi)經由同化作用，以建造自身、繁衍後代。 • 能量流動(Energy Flow) • 能量在食物鏈、食物網內轉變、轉移、消耗。 • 能量金字塔/食物量金字塔 • 物質循環（營養鹽的循環）

18. Total combined mass of all carnivores = Biomass of 3rd trophic level Total combined mass of all herbivores = Biomass of 2nd trophic level Total combined mass of all producers = Biomass of 1st trophic level Biomass pyramid: Segments of pyramid show relative biomass at each trophic level (Nebel & Wright, 1998)

19. Lithosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Ecosystems Biosphere Human activities

20. 生態系基本特徵 • 是動態的系統：不斷的發展、進化、演替。 • 有一定的區域特徵：例如熱帶雨林、溫帶針葉林。 • 開放的自持(Self-maintenance)系統： • 生產者、消費者、分解者 • 自動調節的功能：受干擾、破壞後自動回復。 • 反饋(Feedback)原理：系統內有抑制某物種過度繁殖之能力。 • 抵抗力(Resistance)：愈成熟、結構愈複雜的生態系，抵抗外力干擾的能力愈強。 • 恢復力(Resilience)：受到外力破壞而復原之能力。

21. Law of limiting factors Biotic factors Physical barriers Carrying capacity Ecosystem sustainability depending on Nutrient recycling With source of energy Without over-grown consumer populations Maintenance of biodiversity

22. Primary production by photosynthesis and chemosynthesis CO2 + H2O + energy←→ [CH2O] + O2 CH4 + O2 ←→ [CH2O] + H2O H2S + H2O + O2 + CO2 ←→ [CH2O] + H2SO4 2CO2 + 6H2 ←→ [CH2O] + CH4 + 3H2O

23. 演替(succession) • 生物群聚隨環境、時間的變遷而發生變化。 • 原有群聚可能暫時或永久消失，而由另一群聚取代。 • 亦稱群聚演替、生物演替。 • 演替所呈現的意義 • 這是一個「動態」的概念，但過程並非毫無章法。

24. 演替(succession) • 共通性包括： • 有一定次序之群聚改變過程，結果常可預期。 • 由群聚改變物理環境。 • 最終建立一穩定之群聚。 • 初級演替(Primary Succession) • 在自然產生的裸地（如森林火災後）產生後，最主要的三個演替階段。包括：先鋒期(Pioneer Stage)、過渡期(Sera Stage)，以及顛峰期(Climax)三個進程。 • 次級演替(Secondary Succession) • 有人類活動或干擾的區域最主要的演替活動，包括：人為環境（開墾、農耕）、過渡期，以及顛峰期（盛林期）三種型態。其中，若原為顛峰期，但因天災或人禍導致原有群聚之消滅，並由另一群聚取代，則稱為變換群聚(Disclimax Community)。