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Exploring Victimology: The Science of Victims and Victimization

Delve into the theoretical foundations and practical applications of victimology, examining various victim types and dimensions of victimization. Uncover the societal, political, and global factors shaping victim experiences and responses. Explore the role of victimology in addressing human rights violations, disasters, and climate change impacts. Discover how victimology measures victimizations and correlates social factors. Gain insights into the complexities of victimhood across individual, organizational, and societal levels.

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Exploring Victimology: The Science of Victims and Victimization

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  1. Theoretical Victimology by Prof. Dr. Gerd Ferdinand Kirchhoff

  2. Victimology as a Science • Victimology as word: • Victima Latin, the victim • Logos body of theoretical knowledge, teaching Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  3. Victimology • A theoretical body of knowledge • This is not • practical victim assistance • a political movement • creation of social programs • victim related legislation • Practical application of victimologiocal knowledge Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  4. Basic Structure of Victimology • Dealing with • Victims • Victimizations • Reactions to both, • To victims • To victimizations Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  5. Who is theVICTIM? • Answer 1: • Victims of crime • Hans von Hentig • Stephen Schafer • Ezzat Fattah • Result: • special victimology • penal victimology • superfluous endeavor! Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  6. Who is the VICTIM • Answer 2: • Victims of everything • Benjamin Mendelsohn Result: General Victimology To overcrowded and therefore empty Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  7. Who is the VICTIM • Answer 3: • Menmade victims • Zvonimir Paul Separovic • Elias Neumann • Robert Elias • Gerd F. Kirchhoff Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  8. victimologia - Victimologia • victimologia = science of the crime victims • Victimologia – toda victima social • Poverty • Marginalization • Creation of masses excluded from decent living • Excluded from hospitals, schools, labor market • Victims of globalization Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  9. Elias Neuman I • Victimologia – el rol de la victima en los delitos convencionales y no convencionales • 2nd ed. 1994 • The poor, the marginalized, • The socially submerged • Victims of political systems and ideologies • Victims of religions • Victims of the justice system • Victims of slavery and inhuman labor conditions Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  10. Elias Neuman II 1994 • Victimology is an autonomous science if it looks at all the • victims of abuse of power, • national or supranational, • Victims of all oppression and terrorism in a society, • as individuals, • groups or • All people in a country. • Answer 4: • Victims of Human Rights Violations Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  11. Robert Elias • Criminal victimization • Social sources of victimization • Governmental sources of victimization • Framework of Human Rights • Critical of traditional victimology: • Law and order lobby has coopted victim assistance • Victims have gained far less than promised • Consumer frauds, poluution, unnecessarý drugs and surgery, food additives, discrimination, poverty, exploitation and war Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  12. Answer 5: Victims of disaster and climate change • Victimology includes victims of disaster and natural catastrophes including climate change • Newest Development since 10 years, mainly • Dussich Fachry, Mundy, Susetyo • Local: geographic situation in danger zone • Relationship to the newest UN discussions that look at global sources of Human (In-) Security • Social Consequences of Human Omissions to Secure Safe Life” - more publications needed Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  13. Towards „Interim“ Consensus • 1985 Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power • One of the most important achievements of „victimology“ • Deals with crime victims and with victims of „Abuse of Power“ • Attempts to create a Victim Convention • Self Awareness of WSV „You are not alone“ Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  14. Victimology defines • Who is the victim? • Important if you have special legislation which gives victims some benefits • Schneider: When threatened by a criminal act, the victim may be • A person • An organization • The moral order • The legal system Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  15. Victims • Only humans? No (Wolfgangs first order victims) • Organizations (Wolfgang´s second order victims) • Private companies, unicorporated associations, • Trade unions • Government bodies • State (Wolfgang´s third order victims) • Tax fraud, espionage • International order • Crimes against humanity – The Tribunal in the Hague Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  16. Victimology measures • Entrance gate for the Methods of Empirical Research • Problems of measuring victimization Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  17. Victimology measures Victimizations: the experience of being a victim • Three dimensions of damage • Victim Surveys • Who, what, when, which consequences How many victims are out there.... • Is the risk of victimization evenly distributed • Over time • Over area • Over sex • Over age • What goes together with victimization? • Social correlates of victimization Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  18. Victimology measures Victimizations • the experience of being a victim • Victim Surveys • See special presentation in this course • Who, what, when, which consequences How many viuctims are out there.... • Is the risk of victimization evenly distributed • Over time • Over area • Over sex • Over age • What goes together with victimization? • Social correlates of victimization Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  19. Victimology scientific definition, description, measurement, anylyses of patterns, of regularities, of associative and maybe causal relationships and probabilities and their interpretation.

  20. Reactions • Victimology looks at reactions towards victimization -central topic in this field- Social sciences work on different levels of analysis • Situational level • Institutional level • Macro-level Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  21. Reactions • Reactions of the victim • Primary victimization • Reactions of the social auditorium • Secondary victimization • Reactions permanently patterned • Social structures: structural victimization Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  22. Reactions • It is proven that worldwide women especially are victimized by those men who have control over them and that authorities either cause or tolerate these abuses • Domestic violence • Women in custody • Systematic rapes in wars and in civil unrest Quoted from ai: Broken Bodies, Shattered Minds-Torture and Ill Treatment of Women, 2March 2001 Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  23. Victim´s Informal Reactions • Crisis • Crisis Reactions • Crisis Intervention • Entrance door for the whole system of victim treatment: • Counseling • Crisis Intervention Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

  24. Formal Reactions • Victim Assistance Services • Criminal Justice System • Restorative Justice • Transitional Justice Jakarta 2011 - Prof. Dr. Kirchhoff

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