Asst. Prof. Dr. Suwaree Yordchim Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University

1. The thesis writing- 1. Sentences Asst. Prof. Dr. Suwaree Yordchim Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University

2. Elements of Sentences

3. Subjects and predicates • Subject-whatyouaretalkingabout • Predicate- theassertionyoumakeaboutthesubject.

4. Practice 1 • Find ten sentences (about your major) as the table below:

5. Modifiers • Modifiersdescribenounsandverbs:theymaybeattachedtoalmostanypartsof a sentence. • Anywordsthatmodifier a noun, pronoun, orgerundisanadjectiveinfunction. • Anadverbisanywordthatmodifies a verb, anadjective, oranotheradverb. • Veryhungrypeopleseldomdisplaygoodtablemanners. adj adv adjadj

6. Identifying subject and verb verb • statesanaction. • a wordorgroupofwords (phrases) • oneormoreauxiliaryverbs • hewashit, • hehasbeenhit • youhadtaken • youwillhavetaken.

7. Identifying subject and verb verb • linkingverbs, orcopulas • assertthatsomethingis – oflooks, soundsseems, orappearstobesomething. • Heisa talentedathlete. • Sheseemsintelligent.

8. Complements • Intransitiveverbs • Aftermeetingalltherelatives, mycousinleft. • Transitiveverbs+ complementsoftheverb. • I boughta scarf.

9. Object complements: Directobjects • usually a nounorpronounbutsometimes a phraseorclause. • Myniecedrewa picture Indirectobjects • a complementthatreceiveswhateverisnamedbythedirectabject. • involvinganactoflivingortelling) maytakeanindirectobject • ex. Theawardgavethephotographerencouragement.

10. Subjectcomplement • Predicatenoun. • A nounthatservesas a subjectcomplementof a linkingverb • Mymotherwasthemajorofthetown. subject complement • Predicateadjective • anadjectivethatdescribesthesubject • Themayorwaspopular. subject complement

11. Phrases • Suchgroupsofwords, whichdonotmake a completestatementbutwhichfunctionlike a singleword, arephrases. • Thetrainleavesintenminutes. • anadverb= soon • Theymaybenamedforthekindofwordaroundwhichtheyareconstructed-prepositional, participial, gerund, orinfinitivephrases. • Theymayalsobenamedbythewaytheyfunctionin a sentence-asadjective, adverb, ornounphrases.

12. Prepositional phrases • A prepositionalphraseconsistsof • a prepositionjoinedto a nounor a pronoun, whichiscalledtheobjectofthepreposition. • Suchphrasesusuallymodifynounsorverbs, andtheyaredescribedaccordinglyasadjectiveoradverbphrases. Adjective Adverb • Theflowersintheyardbloomedinthesun.

13. Verbals and verb phrases • A verbalis a formofverbthatfunctionsassomeotherpartofspeech. • A verbalthatmodifies a nouniscalled aparticiple. • Itmaybeinthepastorthepresenttense: • a used [past] carwithsplitting [present] upholstery. • A verbformthatfunctionsas a nouniscalled a gerund: • Writingishispassion • Helovessinging. • Gerundsmayalsobeusedastheobjectsofverbsorofpreposition: • A verbformthatfunctionsas a nouniscalledaninfinitive. • Toerrishuman. • a verbalconsistingofthepresentformoftheverbprecededbyto. • usedasnouns, assubjectsorobjectoftheverb

14. Verbals and verb phrases • Participles, gerunds, and infinitives may take objects, and they may be modified by adverbs or by prepositional phrases. • A verbal with its modifier and its object, or subject, makes up a verbal phrase and functions as a single part of speech, but it does not make a full statement.

15. Verbals and verb phrases • Participial phrase • Moved by her speech, I decided to join the organization. • Gerund phrase • Selecting an appropriate site took a lot of time. • Infinitive phrase • The task required us to walk for hours.

16. Absolute phrases • a group of words that has a subject but no verb and is not grammatically connected to the rest of the sentence. • The subject of an a absolute phrase is often followed by a participle: • The site having been selected, we met to choose a sculptor. • The subject of an absolute phrase may also be followed by an adjective or a prepositional phrase: • She recounted the incident, her voice angry, her-face pale.

17. Appositive phrases • a noun, or noun substitute, added to explain another noun: • My mother, the mayor, was getting attention all of her life.

18. Clauses • A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. • Every sentence must contain at least one clause.

19. Independent clause • Independent clause can stand alone as complete sentences. • She heard the news. • Dependent (or subordinate) clauses, • a subordinate part of the sentence • perform a function like that of adjectives, adverbs. or nouns • When she heard the news • has a subject and verb-but the addition of the word • Dependent clauses are usually preceded by relative pronouns (who, which, that) or by subordinating conjunctions (such as although, because, if since, when, and while). • When makes the clause dependent. It needs an independent clause added to it to make a complete sentence: • When she heard the news, she was delighted.

20. Noun clauses • functions as a noun, may be a subject or a compliment in a main clause, or the object of a preposition or of a gerund. • That Lauren was considered for the positionis remarkable. [subject] • She said that she would accept only under certainconditions. [direct object] • We will give the job to whoever is best qualified. [object of the preposition] • We do the best for others by asking what we can do for others. [object of a gerund]

21. Adverb clauses • a dependent clause used to modify a verb, adjective, or adverb in the main clause. • We are whenever we felt like it. • [modifies the verb] • The trip was as pleasant as we had hoped. • [modifies the adjective] • The train arrived sooner than we had expected. • [modifies the adverb]

22. Adjective clauses • a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. • The salesman we went yesterday showed us his samples. • usually introduced by relative pronouns. • Dorothy Sayers wrote many books thatwere widely read

23. Simple sentences • consists of one independent clause with or without modifiers but with no dependent clause attached to it. • Nervously biting his fingernails, Harvey despaired. • Simple sentences can be quite elaborate. • Harvey and his girlfriend, Zelda, puzzled once more by the red marks on their papers, despaired of ever learning the fine points of grammar.

24. Compound sentences • consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but. for, nor, or, so, and yet) or a semicolon. • Harvey despaired if ever learning the fine points of grammar, but Zelda had hope. • offers you the advantage of balance and antithesis.

25. Complex sentences • contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. • Although Harvey despaired of ever learning the fine points of grammar, Zelda had hope. • You can arrange complex sentences to produce various sentence patterns and to indicate subtle relationship between ideas.

26. Compound-complex sentences • contain more than one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. • Because he had never really studied grammar before, Harvey thought that he would never learn its fine points,but Zelda believed that they would be able to master the subject.

27. Declarative sentence My cat likes to sit in the window. Interrogative sentence Does your cat like to sit in the window? Imperative sentence Don’t let the cat sit in the window. (Command) Please let the cat sit in the window. (Request) Exclamatory sentence The cat can’t sit in the window, she’ll fall. Kinds of Sentences