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Chapter 6

Chapter 6 . Motivation and Emotion. Motivation. What motivates you? Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure ? What are you motivated for? College, buying nice things, etc ? Research on motivation and emotion is concerned with WHY we do the things we do. . Biology of Motivation.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion

  2. Motivation • What motivates you? • Success? Parents? Friends? Money? Failure? • What are you motivated for? • College, buying nice things, etc? • Research on motivation and emotion is concerned with WHY we do the things we do.

  3. Biology of Motivation • Important idea – CHEMICAL BALANCE • When your body temp drops and you’re cold, you put on a sweatshirt. • When your body temp rises and you’re hot, you turn on the AC or open a window. • Homeostasis – tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state

  4. Biology of Motivation - Hunger • What motivates you to seek food? • Sight? Smell? Pictures? Commercials? • If you haven’t eaten in awhile, your body will start to demand food. • Lateral hypothalamus (LH) – provides the “go” signal to your body; it tells you to eat

  5. Biology of Motivation - Hunger • Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) – provides the “stop” signal: it tells you when you’ve had enough food

  6. Biology of Motivation - Hunger

  7. Drive-Reduction Theory • DR Theory – Clark Hull, 1943 - physiological needs drive an organism to act in either random or habitual ways until its needs are satisfied • More simply, biological needs (food, water, sex, shelter) DRIVE an organism to act • Random behavior reduces drive that behavior becomes habitual (or conditioned) • Clark believed all human motives (seeking affection, striving for excellence, etc.) are extensions of basic biological needs

  8. Harry Harlow’s Monkeys • Harlow • Harlow wanted to test Hull’s DR Theory • Surrogate Mother Experiment • Two surrogate mothers – Wire w/ food, Cloth w/o food • Monkeys preferred to stick w/ the cloth mother, preferably when frightening objects were placed in the cage

  9. Harry Harlow’s Monkeys • Some experiences are inherently pleasurable (hugging something soft) • Humans/animals derive pleasure from stimulation/arousal. • Going to haunted houses, dogs being petted • In conclusion, a drive for stimulation looked as plausible as a drive to reduce stimulation

  10. Social Motives • David McClelland – Thematic Apperception Test • Fig. 6.6 on page 140 • J.W. Atkinson – Expectancy-Value Theory • Expectancy – estimated likelihood of success • Value – what the goal is worth to you

  11. Social Motives • Intrinsic motivation – knowledge you gain and fun you have is reward enough for your effort • Ex: reading a book solely for fun • Extrinsic motivation – reward(s) that are external • Ex: getting paid to read books

  12. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Maslow believed that all human beings need to feel competent, to win approval and recognition, and to sense that they have achieved something. • Believed there were needs that all people share. • Write down a list of 10 concerns/needs/aspirations in your notes.

  13. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  14. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Bottom of the pyramid – fundamental needs • Fundamental needs – these need to be satisfied in order to live • Ex: Physiological needs – hunger, thirst, etc. • Ex: Physical needs – safety, security, shelter, etc.

  15. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • 2nd level of the pyramid – psychological needs • Psychological needs – the need to belong, to give and receive love, and the need to acquire esteem through competence and achievement • Ex: Esteem needs: to achieve, be competent/smart, gain approval and recognition • Ex: Love needs: to affiliate with others, be social, be accepted, receive love and affection

  16. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Top of the pyramid – self-actualization needs • Self-actualization – pursuit of knowledge, whatever is required for the realization of one’s unique potential • Relatively few people reach this level

  17. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Maslow believed that needs have to be satisfied in order. For example, we start at the bottom of the pyramid and work our way up. • More recent research suggests that any one need may dominate at a specific time, and there is no guarantee that there has to be any sort of order.

  18. Emotions • How are motivation/emotion related? • When we want to express the needs/desires associated with goal-directed behavior, we use the word “motivation”. • When we want to stress the feelings associated with these decisions/activities, we use the word “emotion”.

  19. Emotions

  20. Emotions

  21. Emotions

  22. Emotions

  23. Emotions • Charles Darwin (The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 1872) – argued that all people express certain basic feelings in the same way • These facial expressions are innate – part of our biological inheritance

  24. James-Lange Theory • First widely influential theory of emotion in 1884 • Witnessing an external stimulus causes a physiological reaction • Your physiological reaction then causes an emotion • Ex: Grizzly Bear Sighting – I am trembling, therefore I am afraid. • Emotion is a result of reaction to stimulus

  25. Canon-Bard Theory • C-B Theory (1920) – Directly challenged the J-L theory • Witnessing an external stimulus causes an emotion, and then this emotion causes a physiological reaction • Ex: Grizzly Bear Sighting – I am afraid, therefore I am trembling. • Sparked controversy due to the suggestion that there is no mechanism for emotion

  26. Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory Of Emotion • Like the J-L Theory, Schachter and Singer believed that arousal played a large role in emotion. • However, they said that this physical arousal was the same for a lot of emotions, therefore, this physical arousal alone couldn’t be responsible for emotional responses. • Emotion is a function of both cognitive factors and physiological arousal. • Perception and arousal interact to create emotions.

  27. Schachter-Singer • Situation: Imagine you are alone in a dark parking lot walking toward your car. A strange person suddenly appears and starts rapidly approaching you. • 1. I see a strange man walking toward me. (stimulus) • 2. My heart is racing and I am trembling. (physical arousal) • 3. My rapid heart rate and trembling are caused by fear. (cognitive label (perception) – associating physical reaction to fear) • 4. I am frightened/scared. (conscious experience of the emotion)

  28. Add these three theories, along w/ Schachter-Singer’s Experiment and the Opponent-Process Theory (in your book) to your Graphic Organizer.

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