General Chemistry- Matter

1. A supplementary guide created by Jennifer Hunter General Chemistry- Matter

2. Chemistry • Chemistry summed up in one definition is the study of matter specifically the movement of electrons. • Matter is anything that has mass in the universe, that is anything that takes up space. • E.g. The clothes or jewelry you are wearing, or the apple you had for lunch. • Atoms are the building blocks of matter. They are incredibly small and their structure is unique to different elements.

3. Measuring Matter • Since matter is anything that has mass it is important to be able to measure mass. • The Standard unit for measuring mass is the Kilogram

4. States of Matter • Matter is typically divided into 3 different states. • Solids: • Have a definite size and shape • Atoms or molecules are close together • Minimal Movement/vibration

5. States of Matter • Liquids: • Have a definite volume, but take the shape of their container.

6. States of Matter • Gases: • Take both the shape and volume of their container • Atoms/molecules are farthest apart with • Lots of movement

7. Classification of Matter • There are two major classifications Pure Substances and Mixtures • Pure Substances • Elements: made up of only one kind of atom • Compounds: made up of two or more kinds of atoms. • Can only be separated by chemical means. • Note: A molecule is a piece of a compound.

8. Classification of Matter • Mixtures: combinations of two or more substances that retains its own chemical identity and its own properties. • Heterogeneous mixtures: a combination of two or more individual materials which keep their original properties when mixed together • E.g. Trail Mix

9. Classification of Matter • Homogeneous Mixtures: Mixtures that have the same appearance throughout. • There are many examples of Homogeneous mixtures including salt water and air. • Note: Homogenous mixtures are also called solutions.

10. Classification of mixtures • Based on the size of its largest particles a mixture can be classified as a solution, a suspension, or a colloid.

11. Classification of mixtures • Solutions • When substances dissolve and form a homogeneous mixture. • Cannot see particles • E.g. Windshield wiper fluid, tap water, sugar water

12. Classification of Mixtures • Suspensions • A heterogeneous mixture that separate into layers over time. • E.g. Dust in the air or Italian salad dressing

13. Classification of mixtures • Colloids • Mixture of particle size, but do not separate into layers. • E.g. Fog

14. Classification of Matter

15. Properties of Matter • There are both physical and chemical properties of matter • Physical Properties: • Intensive- depend on the nature of the material • Malleability- capability of being flattened or shaped into thin sheets by pounding with a hammer. • Ductility- capability of being drawn out into a thin wire • Conductivity- the ability to transfer heat or electricity • E.g. color, smell, luster, texture, crystalline

16. Properties of Matter • Physical Properties • Extensive- depend on the amount of material • Mass • Volume

17. Properties of Matter • Physical Changes: changes only the appearance. • Dissolving • Centrifuging • Distillation • Boiling Point • The substance keeps its other properties • Evaporation • Filtration • Chromatography • Melting point

18. Properties of Matter • Chemical Properties: the ability of a substance to react with another substance or decompose. • E.g. corrosiveness, flammability, acidity, toxicity

19. Properties of Matter • Chemical Changes: occur when atoms rearrange to transform the original substance into a different substance. • E.g. A bike rusting

20. Matter and Energy • Physical and Chemical changes in matter are always accompanied by changes in energy. • Changes in Kinetic, Potential, and Thermal energy for an object will help to decide if the reaction is either • Exothermic- energy is released into the surrounding through heat, light, or sound • Endothermic- energy is absorbed by the object; temperature decreases.

21. Laws of Conservation • Law of Conservation of Mass: • Matter is neither created nor destroyed; it only changes form. • The total amount of matter in the universe remains constant.

22. Laws of Conservation • Law of Conservation of Energy: • Energy is neither created nor destroyed; it only changes form. • The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant.

23. Laws of Conservation • Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy • The sum of mass and energy is conserved • Mass and energy can be changed from one to the other • The total cannot be increased or decreased

24. Picture Credits • http://hubpages.com/hub/Heterogeneous-and-Homogeneous-Mixtures • http://61.19.145.8/student/m5year2006-21508/group14/rooms.html • http://answers.com/topic/solution • http://mediabistro.com/fishbowlny/newspapers/future_of_newspapers_looking_on_the_bright_side_93850.asp • http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/165/169061/blb9ch0102.html • http://mrsdlovesscience.com/measure.html • http://hackedgadges.com/2006/09/01/alcohol-stove • http://thriftyfun.com/tf34205129.tip.html • http://suwaneedental.com/travel/travel-vancouver-2004.htm