Unit Three Lesson 20

1. Unit Three Lesson 20 How has the Right to Vote been expanded since the adoption of the Constitution?

2. Bill of Rights Practice3 categories • (3) - powers against abuse of government power • (5) – legal rights • (2) – rights reserved

3. YOU HAVE THE RIGHT . . . . (put in the correct category and order) • Against Cruel and Unusual Punishment • Against Quartering Troops • Against Unreasonable Search & Seizure • Bear Arms • Civil Trail • Due Process • Fair Trial • Free Expression • Reserved to the People • Reserved to the States

4. Why is the “Franchise” (vote) important in the American Constitutional System? • Franchise – the right to vote • Enfranchisement – the act of giving the right to vote to a person or group of people • Representative government relies on a vote to select representatives and a vote by those representatives on laws and policies • WHO votes is HUGELY important in who wins elections and thus has the power to make policy decisions • Citizens with an economic stake in a community have always been considered worthy of exercising the franchise of voting (greek & roman) • Colonists shared this view: Voting was a privilege limited to Protestant men who own land • Because land was cheap, in America many more were able to qualify to vote (far more generous that countries in Europe) • Yet, whole classes of people were excluded from voting, from participating in their government

5. How was suffrage determined when the Constitution was adopted? • The Constitutional Convention could not agree on uniform rules for voting. Thus only the House of Representatives were directly elected • States would determine who could vote. Many early battles were waged. • New Jersey is an example: • In 1776 – All inhabitants who owned land could vote (men, women, African Americans, etc) • Married women could not vote because land ownership was held by the husband • African Americans who were free could vote because they could own land • 1807 – Women disenfranchised – lost the right to vote • 1844 – African American men were disenfranchised

6. How did voting rights expand for white men? • In the early1800’s, America became more democratic and less aristocratic • Adams believed that anarchy and mob rule would erupt if men with no property could vote • James Fennimore Cooper wrote, “Every man who has wants, feeling affections and character has a stake in society.” • Some states held on to their requirement of land ownership up to 1850’s • Others dropped the land ownership requirement • Ohio stopped requiring land ownership in 1802 to attract settlers • Other “western” states followed suit • Most voting reforms were accomplished peacefully • By 1840, all states except Rhode Island has universal suffrage for white males • Thomas Dorr called a “Peoples Convention” to try to rewrite the RI constitution and change the voting laws. It was a small rebellion but led to a brief war • Dorr fled RI, was arrested and imprisoned when he returned • RI did eventually adopt universal suffrage for white and black men, but not until the 1880’s • The Treaty of Guadalupe (which ended the Mexican American war) enfranchised all Mexican men who stayed in now-US territory • States resisted giving these men the right to vote • Violence, fraud and discrimination forced many to leave their lands and return to Mexico • When Texas became a state, Mexican men tried to vote and faced beatings or worse

7. How did African American men win – then lose – the right to vote? • 15th Amendment (1870) granted the right to vote to African Americans • Most states in the South (and some in North) found ways to deny that right • Literacy Tests and Poll Taxes • Literacy Tests required proving the voter could read and write to qualify to vote • Poll Taxes required voter to pay a fee to vote • Grandfather Clause • Could only vote if their grandfathers had been eligible to vote • Intimidation and Force • KKK • Voter or their families would face physical attack if they dared to try to vote • Economic Reprisal • Limited or eliminated their source of income if they dared to try to vote • By 1910 – less than 2% of African American men voted in the South • It is not until 1965 – when the Voting Rights Act of 1965 is passed that the government uses its power to enforce the right to vote for African Americans

8. How was suffrage extended to women? • The right to vote for women was closely linked to the fight for freedom and equality of African Americans • Many abolitionists worked for womens’ right to vote as many women worked for the rights of African Americans (to end slavery) • Frederick Douglas took part in the Seneca Falls Conference • Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s declaration “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal” • Those who supported womens’ suffrage believed it was necessary to bring about other civil rights • Many tried to get women added to the 15th Amendment guaranteeing the right to vote to all African American men • Some feared including women would set back the fight for equality for freed slaves

9. How was suffrage extended to women? • In 1872, Susan B. Anthony went to the polls, insisting to vote, using the 14th Amendment’s “All persons . . . Equal protection of the law” • They argued that women, as citizens, could not be denied access to the ballot • In Minor v. Happersett(1875), the Supreme Court ruled just because someone was a citizen, it did not guarantee the right to vote. States could continue to deny the vote to women. That citizenship and voting were not necessarily related • 1869 –Wyoming granted women suffrage rights to gain statehood. Many western states followed. Eastern states would eventually begin to follow. By 1918, more than ½ the states allowed women the right to vote • WWI – Women entered the workforce to replace men at war while the US fought to defend democracy. Suffragists were worried at the slow pace of the state-by-state method. They pressured Congress and President Wilson, who finally withdrew his objections • The 19th Amendment passed (after very loud and obvious demonstrations) forbidding states and federal governments from denying or abridging the right of citizens to vote on the basis of sex. It ratified within a year

10. Native American Voting Rights • The Constitution mentions Native Americans twice • Article I: Indians are not counted in apportionment for taxing or representation • Article I: Empowers Congress to regulate commerce with Indian tribes • This recognized that the Framers did not consider Native Americans to be citizens of the US. They are a distinct political entity, separate from the state or federal governments. • The federal government viewed them as enemies or problematic children • The 14th Amendment DID NOT change anything. It was only for people who under the jurisdiction of the federal government • 1887 – Dawes Act – Citizenship was extended to Native Americans who would give up their tribal affiliation (to undermine tribal culture) • 1890 – Indian Naturalization Act extended citizenship to Native Americans • 1924 – Indian Citizenship Act extended the right to vote to Native Americans • Many states slow to comply. Many barriers to voting continued to exist • 24th Amendment prohibited states from denying or abridging the right of any citizen to vote for failure to pay a poll tax • Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed discrimination against all minorities by banning all other tests (literacy or fluency). It authorized the federal government to take over registration and elections if states interfere with citizen rights to vote

11. How did 18 year olds win the right to vote? • In 1971, only 4 states allowed 18 year olds to vote • Widespread protests about the Vietnam War and the draft led to change • The Voting Rights Act was amended to state no one age 18 or older could be denied the right to vote on the grounds of age. • Oregon v. Mitchell (1970) The Supreme Court upheld that Congress could regulate the voting age in national elections but not state elections • In response to a ruling they disagreed with, Congress sent the 26th Amendment to the states to lower the voting age in all elections to 18. • Voting rights could not be denied or abridged to any citizen age 18 or older

12. Review • How have states differed in expanding the franchise (voting rights)? • What reasoning supported tying the right to vote to property ownership? Is that reasoning still valid today? Why or Why not? • What processes did women use to obtain the right to vote? What factors explain why it took women more than three generations or secure the franchise? • People between the ages of 18 and 25 vote less often than any other age group? Why do you think this is so?

13. Lesson 15 • Amending the Constitution • Arguments for/against including the Bill of Rights in the Constitution • Judicial Review • Amendments that have made America more democratic • Lesson 16 • Development of political parties • Role of political parties • Today’s political parties (factions or collaborations) • America’s 2 party system – does it promote or block constitutional principles • Lesson 17 • Dred Scot • Right of secession: South’s views vs. Lincoln’s views • Expansion of presidential powers during the Civil War • The Emancipation Proclamation: on what constitutional grounds • 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments • Lesson 18 • Procedural/Substantive Due Process • Adversarial v. Inquisitorial System of justice • Process of selective incorporation • Bill of Rights: Did it validate the fears of the Antifederalists’ fear of the power of a strong national judiciary • Lesson 19 • Separate but Equal • Brown v. Board of Education: how did it overturn Plessy v. Ferguson • Equal Protection (14th Amendment) • Lesson20 • How states have expanded suffrage (right to vote) • Voting: FOR/AGAINST tying voting to land ownership • Womens’ Right to Vote: Why did it take 3 generations to achieve • 18 year olds vote: Why do young people vote less often than others?

14. Essays • What are the basic purposes of the 14th Amendment? • How are questions left unresolved at the Philadelphia Convention addressed in the 14th Amendment? • How are the due process and equal protection clauses of the 14th Amendment related to principles of limited government? • How and why has suffrage been expanded in the US? • Why has the expansion of suffrage been controversial? • How have advocates of expanded suffrage used their rights under the 1st Amendment to achieve their goals? • What are the major arguments for and against JUDICIAL REVIEW? • Alexander Hamilton claimed in Federalist No. 78 that “the interpretation of the laws is the proper and peculiar province of the courts.” Do you agree or disagree? Why? • What are the advantages and disadvantages of an appointed, life-tenured branch of government overturning laws passed by a democratically elected body of government?