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INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY

INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY. Inorganic and Organic Compounds. Inorganic - not made by living things Organic - made by living things - carbon compounds - forms covalent bonds. Properties of Water. Great solvent called a universal solvent

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INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY

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  1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY

  2. Inorganic and Organic Compounds Inorganic - not made by living things Organic -made by living things - carbon compounds - forms covalent bonds

  3. Properties of Water • Great solvent called a universal solvent • Helps to digest food and remove waste products • Helps with transport in the body

  4. THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT: WATER Solute- dissolved substance Solvent- dissolves the solute Dissolved substance Dissolves the solute

  5. p+ 1H 1H p+ Water is a Polar Compound • Hydrogen ends holds slightly positive charges • Oxygen end holds a slightly negative charge (+) (+) (--)

  6. Hydrogen Bonding Gives Water Unique Properties

  7. pH SCAle Low pH (<7) = Acid 7 = neutral High pH (>7) = Base

  8. pH in the body • Human blood- 7.4 • Stomach juice- 2.0

  9. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic compounds are carbon compounds, made by living things

  10. glucose amino acids fat Carbon is the Central Atom of Life.

  11. To Understand the BIG, You’d Better Know the LITTLE (and how small and big are linked)

  12. Rules of the Game Macromolecules are built by linking a set of building blocks (monomers) together into long chains (a polymer). Monomers – basic units that repeats over and over in organic compounds Each hexagon is this figure is a monomer, building blocks linked together to form a polymer.

  13. Molecules of Life Four Major Classes of Biological Molecules How do you build a cell? Start with water, add lots of small carbon-containing molecules and …….

  14. FOUR TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDSCommon names • CARBOHYDRATES • SUGARS AND STARCHES • LIPIDS • FATS, OILS, AND WAXES • PROTEINS • NUCLEIC ACIDS • DNA AND RNA (GENETIC MATERIAL)

  15. CARBOHYDRATES • ELEMENTS – C, H AND O • MONOMER = MONOSACCHARIDE • MAIN FUNCTION • QUICK ENERGY • SOME STORAGE • Animals- glycogen • Plants- starch

  16. CARBOHYDRATES Other facts 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen One sugar C6H12O6 monosaccharide Two sugars C12H22O11 disaccharide Many sugars- polysaccharide

  17. LIPIDS • ELEMENTS: C, H and O • MONOMER = Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids • MAIN FUNCTION • Storage • Energy reserves • Cell membranes • Other facts • Insoluble in water • Shaped like an elongated E FA Glycerol FA FA

  18. LIPIDS • Other facts • Insoluble in water • Shaped like an elongated E

  19. PROTEINS • ELEMENTS: C, H, O and N • MONOMER: Amino Acids • FUNCTIONS • Basic building blocks of living material • Hair, Muscles, Fingernails • Enzymes – speed up chemical reactions • Transport in cell

  20. PROTEINS • 20 different Amino acids • Each amino acid has a different R- or Residual group

  21. PROTEINS • Forms peptide bonds between amino acids • 1 amino acid- peptide • 2 amino acids- dipeptide • Many amino acids- polypeptide

  22. NUCLEIC ACIDS • ELEMENTS: C, H, O, N and P • MONOMER: Nucleotide • FUNCTIONS: • DNA and RNA • Genetic material • Controls the cells activities

  23. DNA- carries the genetic code RNA- carries out the instructions

  24. Types of Reactions Reactants- substances required for a reaction, the starting materials Products- substances that are made during a reaction Reactants Products

  25. CONDENSATION / DEHYDRATION REACTIONS • CONDENSATION REACTIONS (DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS REACTIONS) • Joining molecules together by removing water (-H and –OH are removed to make a water molecule) • C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O GLUCOSE GLUCOSE MALTOSE WATER

  26. REACTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS • HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS • Water is added to break apart molecules • C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 MALTOSE WATER GLUCOSE GLUCOSE

  27. What kind of reaction is this? • Condensation

  28. What kind of reaction is this? • Hydrolysis

  29. What kind of reaction is this? • Condensation

  30. ENZYMES • CATALYSTS FOR BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS- speeds up a reaction • MOST ARE PROTEINS • LOWER THE ACTIVATION ENERGY NEEDED TO CARRY OUT A REACTION • INCREASES THE RATE OF REACTIONS

  31. Enzymes

  32. ENZYME ACTION: LOCK & KEY MODEL • SUBSTRATE- SUBSTANCE AN ENZYME ACTS UPON • ACTIVE SITE- REGION WHERE SUBSTRATE AND ENZYME BONDS TOGETHER • PRODUCT IS RELEASED • ENZYME IS UNCHANGED

  33. ENZYME FUNCTION (Substrate) Active Site

  34. Enzyme Activity • http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html • http://www.biotopics.co.uk/other/enzyme.html

  35. FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTION • TEMPERATURE • LITTLE ACTIVITY AT LOW TEMPS • RATE INCREASES WITH TEMPERATURE • MOST ACTIVE TEMP IN HUMANS (37ºC) • ACTIVITY LOST WITH DENATURATION AT HIGH TEMPERATURE • pH • Concentration of substrate/enzyme

  36. TEMPERATURE AFFECTING ENZYME ACTION OPTIMUM TEMP RATE OF REACTION LOW HIGH TEMPERATURE

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