Dag 5: Individer i folkeretten

1. Dag 5: Individer i folkeretten Rettssubjekter: • Interessesubjekter • Påtalesubjekter • Handlingssubjekter • Ansvarssubjekter

2. Rettighetssubjekter • Individene har lenge vært rettighetssubjekter • Statenes forplikter seg til å sikre rettigheter • Eks. Genevekonvensjonene om behandling av krigsfanger (her er det faktisk individene som tilgodeses, sml. Immunitetsreglene…)

3. Hvordan håndheves rettighetene? • Kan individene påtale rettighetskrenkelse? • Ingen hinder etter folkeretten for å gi individer påtalekompetanse • Opp til statene – det er de som skaper folkeretten

4. Påtalesubjekter • Utg.pkt: Bare en stat kan påtale at individers rettigheter krenkes • Problem hvis hjemstaten er krenkeren • Stater kan gi individene egen påtalekompetanse

5. Sml. Konseptet erga omnes… • I MR-jussen: EMK gir individene egen klagerett • Tosporet: Statsklager og individklager • Statsklageadgangen (annen statspart) brukes sjelden

6. Den individuelle klageadgangen har ført til et skred av saker • Se EMK art. 34 • Individet kan være borger hvor som helst; staten må være part i EMK

7. Saksgangen: • Skriftlig klage til EMDs sekretariat (skjema) • Visse krav må oppfylles (art. 35) • Må gjelde brudd på EMK • Må gjelde statspart • Nasjonale rettsmidler må være uttømt (”exhaustion of local remedies”) • Ikke anonym (art. 35) • Oversendes til Domstolen som vurderer realitetsbehandling (komité med 3 dommere)

8. Hvis ikke avvisning, behandles av 7 dommere • Disse 7 avgjør endelig om klagen skal realitetsbehandles • Partene innkalles til høring • Dom avsies • (Før: Først ikke-bindende kommisjonsrapport)

9. Individuell klagerett også til FNs Menneskerettighetskommité • Liknende prosedyrer som EMD, men bare en komité – ikke bindende dom • Få stater har godtatt den individuelle klageretten (egen protokoll)

10. Handlingssubjekt • Subjekter med evne til gjennom egne handlinger å pådra seg folkerettslige forpliktelser • Individer er ikke handlingssubjekter (statene skaper forpliktelsene)

11. Ansvarssubjekt • Straffeforfølgning av individer etter folkeretten? • Tradisjonelt nasjonalt domene • Ansvar på vegne av staten eller som privat?

12. Versailles-traktaten (1919) • Nürnbergtribunalet (1945) • Seierherrenes (okkupantenes) jurisdiksjon • Tokyotribunalet (1946)

13. Jugoslaviatribunalet (1993) • Bygger på Sikkerhetsrådets resolusjon • Rwandatribunalet (1994) • Den internasjonale straffedomstol (2002) • Bygger på staters samtykke

14. ICCs jurisdiksjonsregime • Over hvilke forbrytelser har ICC jurisdiksjon?

15. Article 5: Crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court 1.The jurisdiction of the Court shall be limited to the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole. The Court has jurisdiction in accordance with this Statute with respect to the following crimes: (a)     The crime of genocide; (b)     Crimes against humanity; (c)     War crimes; (d)     The crime of aggression.

16. 2. The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression once a provision is adopted in accordance with articles 121 and 123 defining the crime and setting out the conditions under which the Court shall exercise jurisdiction with respect to this crime. Such a provision shall be consistent with the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.

17. Over hvem har ICC jurisdiksjon?

18. Article 12 • Preconditions to the exercise of jurisdiction • 1.         A State which becomes a Party to this Statute thereby accepts the jurisdiction of the Court with respect to the crimes referred to in article 5. 2.         In the case of article 13, paragraph (a) or (c), the Court may exercise its jurisdiction if one or more of the following States are Parties to this Statute … :

19. (a)     The State on the territory of which the conduct in question occurred or, if the crime was committed on board a vessel or aircraft, the State of registration of that vessel or aircraft; • (b)     The State of which the person accused of the crime is a national.

20. Article 26 • Exclusion of jurisdiction over persons under eighteen •             The Court shall have no jurisdiction over any person who was under the age of 18 at the time of the alleged commission of a crime.

21. Jurisdiksjonens tidsmessige begrensning

22. Article 11 • Jurisdiction ratione temporis • 1.         The Court has jurisdiction only with respect to crimes committed after the entry into force of this Statute. 2.         If a State becomes a Party to this Statute after its entry into force, the Court may exercise its jurisdiction only with respect to crimes committed after the entry into force of this Statute for that State …

23. En stat kan trekke seg, men da med en 12-måneders frist

24. Hvem kan reise sak? • Art. 13 • Statspart • Sikkerhetsrådet • Hovedanklageren (spesialprosedyrer)

25. Forholdet mellom ICC og nasjonale systemer • Når kan ICC gripe inn • Komplementaritetsprinsippet • Ikke erstatte men utfylle

26. Article 17: Issues of admissibility 1. Having regard to paragraph 10 of the Preamble and article 1, the Court shall determine that a case is inadmissible where: (a) The case is being investigated or prosecuted by a State which has jurisdiction over it, unless the State is unwilling or unable genuinely to carry out the investigation or prosecution; • (b)     The case has been investigated by a State which has jurisdiction over it and the State has decided not to prosecute the person concerned, unless the decision resulted from the unwillingness or inability of the State genuinely to prosecute; • (c)     The person concerned has already been tried for conduct which is the subject of the complaint, and a trial by the Court is not permitted under article 20(3)

27. 2. In order to determine unwillingness … the Court shall consider whether one or more of the following exist, as applicable: • (a)     The proceedings were or are being undertaken or the national decision was made for the purpose of shielding the person concerned from criminal responsibility (…); • (b)     There has been an unjustified delay in the proceedings …. inconsistent with an intent to bring the person concerned to justice; • (c)     The proceedings were not or are not being conducted independently or impartially, and they were or are being conducted in a manner … inconsistent with an intent to bring the person concerned to justice.

28. 3.         In order to determine inability in a particular case, the Court shall consider whether, due to a total or substantial collapse or unavailability of its national judicial system, the State is unable to obtain the accused or the necessary evidence and testimony or otherwise unable to carry out its proceedings.

29. Article 53: Initiation of an investigation • 1.         The Prosecutor shall, having evaluated the information made available to him or her, initiate an investigation unless he or she determines that there is no reasonable basis to proceed under this Statute. In deciding whether to initiate an investigation, the Prosecutor shall consider whether: • (a)     The information available to the Prosecutor provides a reasonable basis to believe that a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court has been or is being committed; • (b)     The case is or would be admissible under article 17; and • (c)     Taking into account the gravity of the crime and the interests of victims, there are nonetheless substantial reasons to believe that an investigationwould not serve the interests of justice.

30. Forholdet til FNs sikkerhetsråd: • Article 16 Deferral of investigation or prosecution             No investigation or prosecution may be commenced or proceeded with under this Statute for a period of 12 months after the Security Council, in a resolution adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, has requested the Court to that effect; that request may be renewed by the Council under the same conditions.

31. Article 27 Irrelevance of official capacity 1.         This Statute shall apply equally to all persons without any distinction based on official capacity. In particular, official capacity as a Head of State or Government, a member of a Government or parliament, an elected representative or a government official shall in no case exempt a person from criminal responsibility under this Statute, nor shall it, in and of itself, constitute a ground for reduction of sentence.

32. Article 98 • Cooperation with respect to waiver of immunity • and consent to surrender • 1.         The Court may not proceed with a request for surrender or assistance which would require the requested State to act inconsistently with its obligations under international law with respect to the State or diplomatic immunity of a person or property of a third State, unless the Court can first obtain the cooperation of that third State for the waiver of the immunity.

33. Overordnedes ansvar: • Article 28 • Responsibility of commanders and other superiors •             In addition to other grounds of criminal responsibility under this Statute for crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court: • (a)     A military commander or person effectively acting as a military commander shall be criminally responsible for crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court committed by forces under his or her effective command and control, or effective authority and control as the case may be, as a result of his or her failure to exercise control properly over such forces, where:

34. (i)     That military commander or person either knew or, owing to the circumstances at the time, should have known that the forces were committing or about to commit such crimes; and • (ii)     That military commander or person failed to take all necessary and reasonable measures within his or her power to prevent or repress their commission or to submit the matter to the competent authorities for investigation and prosecution.

35. (b)     With respect to superior and subordinate relationships not described in paragraph (a), a superior shall be criminally responsible for crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court committed by subordinates under his or her effective authority and control, as a result of his or her failure to exercise control properly over such subordinates, where:   • (i)     The superior either knew, or consciously disregarded information which clearly indicated, that the subordinates were committing or about to commit such crimes; • (ii)     The crimes concerned activities that were within the effective responsibility and control of the superior; and • (iii)     The superior failed to take all necessary and reasonable measures within his or her power to prevent or repress their commission or to submit the matter to the competentauthorities for investigation/prosecution.

36. Article 33 • Superior orders and prescription of law • 1.         The fact that a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court has been committed by a person pursuant to an order of a Government or of a superior, whether military or civilian, shall not relieve that person of criminal responsibility unless: • (a)     The person was under a legal obligation to obey orders of the Government or the superior in question; • (b)     The person did not know that the order was unlawful; and • (c)     The order was not manifestly unlawful. • 2.         For the purposes of this article, orders to commit genocide or crimes against humanity are manifestly unlawful.

37. Article 34 • Organs of the Court •             The Court shall be composed of the following organs: • (a)     The Presidency; • (b)     An Appeals Division, a Trial Division and a Pre-Trial Division; • (c)     The Office of the Prosecutor; • (d)     The Registry.

38. Regler om statssamarbeid • Straffeprosess • Utmåling av straff • Fullbyrding av straff

39. ICCs fremtidige rolle • Uttrykk for et prinsippvalg • Forholdet til andre løsninger for å oppnå fred • USAs rolle • Henvisningen av Darfur (Sudan) • Andre saker

40. LYKKE TIL!