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PUEBLOS. PUEBLOS. “Town” in Spanish Farm oriented lifestyle in relatively permanent villages Southwestern United States HOPI---northeastern Arizona ZUNI—western New Mexico 19 other federally recognized Pueblo tribes, mostly located in New Mexico. PUEBLOS. PUEBLOS.
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PUEBLOS • “Town” in Spanish • Farm oriented lifestyle in relatively permanent villages • Southwestern United States • HOPI---northeastern Arizona • ZUNI—western New Mexico • 19 other federally recognized Pueblo tribes, mostly located in New Mexico
PUEBLOS • Best known Pueblo groups today • Hopi • Zuni • Acoma • Taos • Descendants of prehistoric Anasazi (Navajo for “Ancient Ones”)
PUEBLOS CULTURE • Farming/land cultivation • Dry farming—raising crops with what water came naturally • Main crops---corn, beans, squash • Corn staple food of all Pueblos • Women—made pottery for food and water storage • Men--weaving
PUEBLOS Religion • Belief system—deities appeared as visionary beings who bring blessings and love. • Myths explore relationships among people and nature, plants and animals
ZUNI • Name given by Spanish • Zuni people call themselves A:Shiwi • Language not closely related to any other Pueblo language • In current New Mexico area for 3,000 to 4,000 years • First European contact in 1536 by Franciscan friar • Francisco Coronado and his troops defeated Zuni in 1540 • Current Zuni tribe—10,300 people on 400,000 acres, most near Gallup, NM on Zuni reservation
ZUNI MYTHOLOGY • Long standing belief in “charm stones”—carry luck, power, protection • Stones which require little carving/natural looking—more powerful than stone/fetishes requiring great deal of carving
ZUNI MYTHOLOGY • Believed world once covered in floodwaters, swampy • Sun Father (giver of life and light) created twin sons. • Twins realized world too wet for mankind to survive • Sun Father gave to Twin Sons---magic shield, a bow (rainbow) and arrows (lightning) • Twins—placed shield on earth, crossed rainbow and lightning on top, shot arrow into point where crossed • Lightning created—tremendous fire---dried out earth
ZUNI MYTHOLOGY • Dried earth—too easy for predators to catch and eat people. • To save humanity, Twins struck animals with lightning • Burned/shriveled animals to stone • Deep within stone—animals’ hearts still alive • Instructed to help mankind with their captured magic in hearts
ZUNI FETISH—MORE INFO • Animal carving usually of stone or shell • Aid in healing, protection, assurance of rain and abundant crops • Aid in hunting prey or for presence of more abundant prey.
ZUNI FETISH • Two groups of fetishes • Protective/healing animals • Hunting or prey animals • Hunting/prey animals • Mountain lion • Coyote • Bobcat • Wolf • Eagle • Mole
ZUNI FETISH • Protective/healing animals • Mountain lion • Bear • Badger • Wolf • Eagle • Mole
ZUNI FETISH • Four directions/sky/underground have associated protective animals • North—mountain lion • West--bear • South—badger • East—wolf • Sky—eagle • Underground—mole
ZUNI FETISH • Specific colors assigned to directions • North—yellow • South—red • East—white • West—blue • Sky—all colors (multicolored) • Underground—black • Not true fetish unless blessed by tribal Medicine Society at Winter Solstice gathering (Shalako ceremony—closed to public)
ZUNI FETISH Special Aspects of Fetishes • Arrowheads on side and top of fetish • Help prevent the warrior from being taken by surprise by enemy • Arrowheads on feet of fetish • Erase tracks of fetish carrier so could not be followed by enemy • Feed for fetishes (to nourish/nuture fetish to work at “full power” • White cornmeal and ground turquoise main items fed to fetishes
