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Exponential Functions

Exponential Functions. The exponential function f with base b is defined by f (x) = b x or y = b x Where b is a positive constant other than and x is any real number. /. Base is 2. Base is 10. Base is 3. Definition of the Exponential Function.

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Exponential Functions

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  1. Exponential Functions

  2. The exponential function f with base b is defined by f (x) = bx or y = bx Where b is a positive constant other than and x is any real number. / Base is 2. Base is 10. Base is 3. Definition of the Exponential Function Here are some examples of exponential functions. f (x) = 2xg(x) = 10xh(x) = 3x+1

  3. f (x) = 13.49(0.967)x – 1 This is the given function. f (31) = 13.49(0.967)31 – 1 Substitute 31 for x. Text Example The exponential function f (x) = 13.49(0.967)x – 1 describes the number of O-rings expected to fail, when the temperature is x°F. On the morning the Challenger was launched, the temperature was 31°F, colder than any previous experience. Find the number of O-rings expected to fail at this temperature. Solution Because the temperature was 31°F, substitute 31 for x and evaluate the function at 31. f (31) = 13.49(0.967)31 – 1=3.77

  4. f (x) = bx 0 < b < 1 f (x) = bx b > 1 Characteristics of Exponential Functions • The domain of f (x) = bx consists of all real numbers. The range of f (x) = bx consists of all positive real numbers. • The graphs of all exponential functions pass through the point (0, 1) because f (0) = b0 = 1. • If b > 1, f (x) = bx has a graph that goes up to the right and is an increasing function. • If 0 < b < 1, f (x) = bx has a graph that goes down to the right and is a decreasing function. • f (x) = bx is a one-to-one function and has an inverse that is a function. • The graph of f (x) = bx approaches but does not cross the x-axis. The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote.

  5. Transformation Equation Description Horizontal translation g(x) = bx+c • Shifts the graph of f (x) = bx to the left c units if c > 0. • Shifts the graph of f (x) = bx to the right c units if c < 0. Vertical stretching or shrinking g(x) = c bx • Multiplying y-coordintates of f (x) = bx by c, • Stretches the graph of f (x) = bx if c > 1. • Shrinks the graph of f (x) = bx if 0 < c < 1. Reflecting g(x) = -bx g(x) = b-x • Reflects the graph of f (x) = bx about the x-axis. • Reflects the graph of f (x) = bx about the y-axis. Vertical translation g(x) = -bx + c • Shifts the graph of f (x) = bx upward c units if c > 0. • Shifts the graph of f (x) = bxdownward c units if c < 0. Transformations Involving Exponential Functions

  6. g(x) = 3x+1 f (x) = 3x (-1, 1) (0, 1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 Text Example Use the graph of f (x) = 3x to obtain the graph of g(x) = 3 x+1. Solution Examine the table below. Note that the function g(x) = 3x+1 has the general form g(x) = bx+c, where c = 1. Because c > 0, we graph g(x) = 3 x+1 by shifting the graph of f (x) = 3x one unit to the left. We construct a table showing some of the coordinates for f and g to build their graphs.

  7. Problems Sketch a graph using transformation of the following: 1. 2. 3. Recall the order of shifting: horizontal, reflection (horz., vert.), vertical.

  8. f (x) = 3x f (x) = ex 4 (1, 3) f (x) = 2x 3 (1, e) 2 (1, 2) (0, 1) 1 The Natural Base e An irrational number, symbolized by the letter e, appears as the base in many applied exponential functions. This irrational number is approximately equal to 2.72. More accurately, The number e is called the natural base. The function f (x) = ex is called the natural exponential function. -1

  9. Formulas for Compound Interest After t years, the balance, A, in an account with principal P and annual interest rate r (in decimal form) is given by the following formulas: • For n compoundings per year: • For continuous compounding: A = Pert.

  10. more more Example: Choosing Between Investments You want to invest $8000 for 6 years, and you have a choice between two accounts. The first pays 7% per year, compounded monthly. The second pays 6.85% per year, compounded continuously. Which is the better investment? Solution The better investment is the one with the greater balance in the account after 6 years. Let’s begin with the account with monthly compounding. We use the compound interest model with P = 8000, r = 7% = 0.07, n = 12 (monthly compounding, means 12 compoundings per year), and t = 6. The balance in this account after 6 years is $12,160.84.

  11. Example: Choosing Between Investments You want to invest $8000 for 6 years, and you have a choice between two accounts. The first pays 7% per year, compounded monthly. The second pays 6.85% per year, compounded continuously. Which is the better investment? Solution For the second investment option, we use the model for continuous compounding with P = 8000, r = 6.85% = 0.0685, and t = 6. The balance in this account after 6 years is $12,066.60, slightly less than the previous amount. Thus, the better investment is the 7% monthly compounding option.

  12. Use A= Pert to solve the following problem: Find the accumulated value of an investment of $2000 for 8 years at an interest rate of 7% if the money is compounded continuously Solution: A= PertA = 2000e(.07)(8)A = 2000 e(.56)A = 2000 * 1.75A = $3500 Example

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