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APUSH Chapter 23

The Political Machine. Organized group that controlled theactivities of a political party in a city andoffered services to voters and businessesin exchange for political or financialsupport.. The Political Machine Cont.. Closely connected to urban growth was the emergence of the powerful city machineThe machines traded services with votesStreetsBuildingsPublic servicesImmigrants were in need of even more services.

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APUSH Chapter 23

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    1. APUSH Chapter 23 By Molly Siebert

    2. The Political Machine Organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city and offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.

    3. The Political Machine Cont. Closely connected to urban growth was the emergence of the powerful city machine The machines traded services with votes Streets Buildings Public services Immigrants were in need of even more services

    4. Organization of Political Machine Precinct Workers – Worked to gain voters’ support on a city block or in a neighborhood and reported to the ward boss. Ward Boss – Helped the poor and gained votes by doing favors or providing services. In return for votes they would provide city jobs, contracts or appointments. City Boss – Controlled thousands of municipal jobs, including police, fire and sanitation departments. Controlled business licenses and inspections. Had a lot of influence over courts and other municipal agencies.

    5. William Marcy Tweed Became head of New York City’s Tammany Hall in 1863 Tammany Hall was the powerful Democratic political machine Between 1869 and 1873, the Tweed Ring pocketed as much as $200 million from the city in kickbacks and payoffs

    6. Examples of Tweed’s work Construction of New York County Courthouse (cost taxpayers $11 million, but actually cost $3 million – rest was pocketed by Tweed Ring) Some came out of Tammany Hall – Brooklyn Bridge and Central Park

    7. Fall of Tweed Tweed ring broken in 1871 Tweed fell from power in 1872 Political cartoonist, Thomas Nast ridiculed Tweed in the New York Times and in Harper’s Weekly Tweed was indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion In 1873 he was sentences to 12 yrs in jail After serving 2 yrs, he escaped He was later captured in Spain

    8. “Can the Law Reach Him?” by Thomas Nast

    9. Spoils vs. Merit in Republican Party Stalwarts – opposed changes in the spoils system Reformers Mugwumps – wanted civil service reform Half-Breeds – wanted reform, but wanted to remain loyal to Republicans Republicans settled on independent candidate Garfield Garfield had ties to reformers Arthur had ties to Roscoe Conkling (Stalwart)

    10. Presidents and Reform Hayes (1876 election) – started reform and caused some division between Stalwarts and Reformers Garfield (1880 election) – assassinated right away and was replaced by Stalwart Chester Arthur Chester Arthur passed the Pendleton Act in 1883

    11. Presidential Political Reformers Cont. Cleveland (1884) – Tried to lower tariff rates due to the large Treasury surplus Harrison (1888) – He passed the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 which raised Tariffs to their highest level ever Cleveland (1892) – He supported bill for lowering McKinley Tariff, but refused to sign it b/c it allowed Federal Income tax. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff became law in 1894 w/o Cleveland signing bill

    12. The Rise of Populism After Civil War, country faced major deflation Deflation caused cost of goods and services to fall Good news for consumers, bad news for farmers Farmers believed solution = increasing the money supply to force prices up. This would result in “Cheap Money” (when money is cheap, the prices of goods and services tend to rise)

    13. Rise of Populism Cont. Farmers tried to persuade govt to increase money supply by printing more greenbacks When govt refused, farmers demanded unlimited coinage of silver (in hopes of producing “cheaper money”) Bland-Allison Act 1878 called for govt to purchase $2 mill - $4 mill in silver each month During Hayes presidency, he purchased the bare minimum Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 replaced Bland-Allison act and doubled amt to be purchased Cleveland repealed the Sherman Act Cost of shipping grain on Railroads was extremely high

    14. The Rise of Populism Cont. In 1867, Oliver Kelley started the Grange Original purpose was to provide social outlet and educational forum for isolated farmers By 1870s, most Grange members spent time fighting railroads Grange gave rise to other organizations (such as Farmer alliances – included teachers, preachers, writers who sympathized with farmers)

    15. The Rise of Populism Cont. Leaders of alliance movement moved to political means to make change Populism – the movement of the people Populist (People’s) Party was born in 1892

    16. The Populist Party Demanded reforms to lift the burden of debt from farmers and other workers and to give the people a greater voice in their govt. Financial Reform Increase money supply A graduated income tax Federal loan program

    17. The Populist Party Cont. Political Reform Election of U.S. Senators by popular vote Single term for President and Vice President Secret ballot to end vote fraud To represent labor as well as farming interests Called for an 8 hour work day Restrictions on immigration

    18. The Populist Party Cont. In 1892 election, Populist candidate won more than 1 million votes (almost 10% of total vote) Elected 5 Senators, 3 Governors, and about 1,500 state legislators Programs eventually became platform for Democratic Party Kept alive the concept that govt is responsible for reforming social injustices

    19. Gold vs. Silver Gold (Gold bugs) Bankers and businessmen “tight money” – less money in circulation Loans would be repaid in stable money Prices fall, value of money increases and fewer people have money

    20. Gold vs. Silver Silver (Silverites) Bimetallism (govt. would give gold or silver in exchange for paper currency) “Cheap Money” – Silver was plentiful, thus more currency is available for circulation Products would be sold at higher prices Prices rise, value of money decreases, more people have money

    21. William Jennings Bryan

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