Blue Team

1. Blue Team “ A significant motivation of comparative PA is to discover regularities through the human experiences, irrespective of place and time.” – Jreisat 2002, 5

2. ‘Golden Oldies’ • Woodrow Wilson (1887): administrative-politics dichotomy • Administration is “government in action” (14); it is the executive, the operative, the most visible part side of government (14) • Who shall make law, and what shall that law be (politics)? • How law should be administered (administration)? • Administration lies “outside the sphere of politics” (20) • Politics is state activity “in things great and universal” versus administration as“the activity of the state in individual and small things” • General plans (politics) versus special means (administration) (21)

3. ‘Golden Oldies’ • Max Weber (1922; Gerth/Mills translation 1946): ideal type of bureaucracy • Principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas • Office hierarchy and of levels of graded authority • Management based on written documents • Specialized office through expert training

4. ‘Golden Oldies’ • Kharasch • Develops three axioms that lead to his “institutional imperative” • Action by the institution constitutes the internal dynamics of the institution • Institution must function continuously if it is to stay in existence • What the institution does is its purpose • Institutional imperative: “every action or decision of an institution must be intended to keep the institutional machinery working” (49)

5. ‘Golden Oldies’ • James Thurber • Cynical description of reality in politics through death of an invented public hero • Depicting a completely acceptable character of the “hero”; death of “the greatest man” • “Perilous heights of fame (126); “a accidental death of its most illustrious and spectacular figure” (128)

6. Comparative Pubic Administration: Towards a synthesis • Origins and development of the field • Conceptualizing comparative public administration and methodology • Cross-cutting topics • Corruption • Culture • Implementation

7. Origins and development of field • Emergence of field of public administration • Politics - administration dichotomy (Wilson 1887) • “Ideal type” of bureaucracy (Weber 1922) • Comparative public administration: move away from US-centered PA

8. Origins and development of field • 1960s-early ‘70s: ‘New’ public administration • Obligations of PA to society: activism, ethics, solution to problems • Development administration • The administration of development programs, to the methods used by large scale organizations to implement policies and plans to meet their development objectives (Riggs 1971) • Away from Western-centered; unique challenges, contexts • CAG; Ford Foundation; Riggs • Postmodernism: Movement away from rationality as answer • New Public Management • ‘reinventing government’: decentralization, contracting, privatization, performance-based evaluation • Governance

9. Conceptualization • What is CPA? • “comparative study of institutions, processes, and behaviors in many contexts” (Jreisat , 2002) • Objective of CP • The discovery of patterns and regularities of administrative action and behavior across cultures in order to produce new knowledge and to affirm or refine existing information (1)

10. Conceptualization • Why we compare? • Increasingly globalized, interdependent world • Expand our knowledge and understanding of phenomena • What works: characteristics of successful/unsuccessful administrative performance; best practices • Insight for practitioners of various political contexts and impact on administration

11. Comparative methodology • A focus for comparison • Bureaucracy as a focus • Organizational setting • The ecology of administration

12. Comparative methodology • Functionalist • Interest articulation, interest aggregation, rule-making, rule application, rule adjudication, communication • Neo-institutionalist • Attention to structure • Peters’ perspective

13. Cross-cutting topics • Corruption • What is it? (Heidenheimer et al. 1990) • Many different meanings, but in social sciences often focus on: • Public-office centered, market-centered, and public interest-centered • Friedrich: “behavior which deviates from the norm actually prevalent . . . [and is] deviant behavior associated with . . . private gain at public expense” (15) • Why is it a problem? • Challenges for developing countries • “Man is conceived in sin and born in corruption” (Warren 1946, 223, All the king’s men); “Brant seized the greatest man in the world and pushed him out the window” (Thurber 1991, 138-146)

14. Cross-cutting topics • Culture • Riggs: “prismatic model pertaining to the ecology of administration in a type of society” (Heady 2001, 96) • Almond and Verba: civic culture, types of political culture • Picard: historical, and contemporary political (and bureaucratic) structures and processes (2); authoritarian political culture (5); inherited authoritarian patterns of government (6)

15. Cross-cutting topics • Implementation: intersection of public policy and administration • Errors of third type (EIII) (Dunn 2007, 84) • Problem structuring in policy analysis (81)

16. Weber (Bureaucracy) Wilson (Politics/PA) Development Neo-Institutionalism Culture Corruption Functionalism Riggs Development (CAG) Almond/ Verba Heady (CPA) Guy Peters Picard Policy Implementation (Dunn)

17. References • Wilson, Woodrow, “The study of administration,” in Shafritz, Jay M., and Albert C. Hyde. 2007. Classics of public administration. 6th ed. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. • Weber, Max, “Bureaucracy,” in Shafritz, Jay M., and Albert C. Hyde. 2007. Classics of public administration. 6th ed. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. • Thurber, James, “The greatest men in the world,” in Archer, Jeffrey, and Simon Bainbridge. 1991. Fools, knaves, and heroes: great political short stories. 1st American ed. New York: Norton. • Kharasch, Robert N. 1973. The institutional imperative; how to understand the United States Government and other bulky objects. New York,: Charterhouse Books.

18. References • Picard, Louis A. 2005. The state of the state: institutional transformation, capacity and political change in South Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. • Heady, Ferrel. 2001. Public administration: a comparative perspective. 6th ed. New York: Marcel Dekker. • Jreisat, Jamil E. 2002. Comparative public administration and policy. Boulder, Colo. Oxford: Westview. • Baker, Randall. 1994. Comparative public management : putting U.S. public policy and implementation in context. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. • Bekke, A. J. G. M., James L. Perry, and T. A. J. Toonen. 1996. Civil service systems in comparative perspective. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press.