Chapter 6

1. Chapter 6 Deviance and Crime

2. Chapter Outline • What Is Deviance? • Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance • Conflict Perspectives on Deviance • Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Deviance • Postmodernist Perspectives on Deviance

3. Chapter Outline • Crime Classifications and Statistics • The Criminal Justice System • Deviance and Crime in the U.S. in the Future • The Global Criminal Economy

4. Deviance • Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates social norms in the society or group in which it occurs: • drinking too much • robbing a bank • laughing at a funeral

5. What Is Social Control? • Practices that social groups develop to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance.

6. What Is Social Control? • Internal social control takes place when individuals internalize norms and values and follow those norms and values in their lives. • External social control involves negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and punish rule breakers.

7. Functionalist Perspective Deviance serves three functions: • Deviance clarifies rules. • Deviance unites a group. • Deviance promotes social change.

8. Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance TQ

9. Merton’s Strain Theory of DevianceTQ

10. Opportunity Theory • Sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin (1960) suggested that for deviance to occur, people must have access illegitimate opportunity structures: • Circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.

11. Functionalist Perspectives

12. Functionalist Perspectives

13. Interactionist Perspectives

14. Interactionist Perspectives

15. Conflict Perspectives

16. Differential Association Theory Perspectives • States that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity. • From this approach, criminal behavior is learned within intimate personal groups such as one’s family and peer groups

17. Differential ReinforcementTheory • Criminologist Ronald Akers (1998) combined differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory to create differential reinforcement theory. • If a person’s friends and groups define deviant behavior as “right,” they are more likely to engage in deviant behavior. • If a person’s friends and groups define deviant behavior as “wrong,” the person is less likely to engage in that behavior.

18. Social Bond Theory • The probability of deviant behavior increases when a person’s ties to society are weakened or broken. • According to Hirschi, social bonding consists of • attachment to other people • commitment to conformity • involvement in conventional activities • belief in the legitimacy of conventional norms.

19. Labeling Theory • States that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, accept the label and begin to act accordingly. • Focuses on the variety of symbolic labels that people are given in their interactions with others. • The act of fixing a person with a negative identity, such as “criminal” is directly related to the power of those who do the labeling and those being labeled.

20. Postmodern Perspective

21. Stages in the Labeling Process • If individuals accept a negative label, they are more likely to continue to participate in the type of behavior the label was initially meant to control. • Secondary deviance occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts the identity and continues the deviant behavior. • Tertiary deviance occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.

22. How the Law Classifies Crime • Crimes are divided into felonies and misdemeanors. • A felony is a serious crime such as rape, homicide, or aggravated assault, for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year’s imprisonment to death. • A misdemeanor is a minor crime typically punished by less than one year in jail.

23. How Sociologists Classify Crime • Sociologists categorize crimes based on how they are committed and how society views the offenses: • conventional (street) crime • occupational (white-collar) and corporate crime • organized crime • political crime

24. FBI Crime Clock

25. Arrest Rates by Sex, 2004

26. Arrest Rates by Race, 2004

27. Discretionary Powers in Law Enforcement

28. Functions of Punishment • Retribution • The punishment should fit the crime. • Social protection • Restrict offenders so they can’t commit further crimes.

29. Functions of Punishment • Rehabilitation • Return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens. • Deterrence • Reduce criminal activity through a fear of punishment.

30. Global crime • The 1994 United Nations Conference on Global Organized Crime estimated that about $500 billion per year is accrued in the global trade in drugs alone. • Today, profits from all kinds of global criminal activities are estimated to range from $750 billion to more than $1.5 trillion a year.

31. Reducing Global Crime • Requires a global response, including: • Cooperation of law enforcement agencies, prosecutors, and intelligence services across geopolitical boundaries. • Regulation by the international community to control international money laundering and trafficking in people and controlled substances such as drugs and weapons.