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jpn 105 l6-3-3-10

Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10. 2. . Indefinite Pronouns. Idefinite pronouns are formed by adding

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jpn 105 l6-3-3-10

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    1. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 1

    2. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 2

    3. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 3 Indefinite Pronouns Sample sentences: Dare-ka kimashita ka Did someone come? Doko-ka e ikitai desu ka Do you want to go somewhere? Nani-ka tabemasen ka Don’t you want something to eat? Dare-mo kimasen ka Will no one come? Donata-mo konakatta No one came. Doko-mo e ikanakatta I did not go anywhere Nani-mo tabemasen ka Will you not eat anything (“nothing”)?

    4. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 4 Auxiliary Verbs A group of words and suffixes called “auxiliary verbs” because they are used to extend or modify the meaning of other verbs: hazu desu kamo shiremasen hoshii desu -tai desu ho ga ii hitsuyo

    5. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 5 Auxiliary Verbs – hazu desu hazu desu (“is expected”) is used to express expectation or supposition (without moral obligation): After dictionary form of verb or adjective: kare wa mo tsuku hazu desu He is supposed to arrive here soon After –ta form of verb or adjective: so itta hazu desu I’m sure I told you that (it is expected that I told you that) After (adjectival) noun + na: koko wa anzen na hazu desu This place should be safe.

    6. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 6 Auxiliary Verbs – hazu desu After some form of verb/adjective: kanojo wa sonna koto o shinai hazu da I don’t expect that she will do such a thing Negative forms: sonna ni okane ga mokaru hazu ga nai It is impossible that one would make so much money. kare ga misu o shita hazu ga nai He cannot have made a mistake kare no hanashi ga uso no hazu ga nai His story cannot be false kanojo ga mada kite inai hazu ga nai It is improbable that she has not yet arrived (She should have already arrived)

    7. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 7 Auxiliary Verbs – kamo shiremasen kamo shiremasen expresses “might, probably:” ashita iku kamo shiremasen I might go tomorrow mo tabeta kamo shiremasen He might have eaten already The plain form can also be used: ashita iku kamo shirenai mo tabeta kamo shirenai

    8. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 8 Auxiliary Verbs – hoshii desu hoshii desu expresses want or need: Okane ga hoshii desu I need money Kohi ga hoshikatta desu I wanted coffee Chotto tetsudatte hoshii no desu I want you to help me for a while

    9. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 9 Auxiliary Verbs – -tai Suffix –tai means “want to,” “would like to,” “feel like (doing),” “wish to,” or “hope to:” Subject must be 1st person in declarative sentences Subject must be 2nd person in simple questions or conditional clauses The 3rd person subject is used only in reported speech or in a clause before rashii or so da. Form by adding –tai to the gerund form of verb.

    10. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 10 Auxiliary Verbs – -tai sukoshi yasumitai desu (1st person) I’d like to rest for a while ocha o nomitai (1st person) I feel like drinking tea anata wa ocha o nomitai desu ka (2nd person) Do you want to drink tea? kare wa uchi ni kaeritai to itte imasu (3rd person) He says (is saying) he wants to go back home Yoko-san wa ocha o nomitaku nai rashii desu (3rd person) It seems Yoko does not want to drink tea

    11. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 11

    12. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 12 Auxiliary Verbs – ho ga ii After dictionary form (the plain present) of a verb: Kanojo ni ayamaru ho ga ii desu It is better to apologize to her (ayamaru = to apologize) Ashita no asa hayame ni okiru ho ga ii desu You had better get up a little earlier tomorrow morning (hayame = ahead of time, a little earlier) After the –ta (plain past) form of a verb: moto benkyoo shita ho ga ii You had better study more kyo wa kasa o motte itta ho ga ii You had better take an umbrella today

    13. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 13 Auxiliary Verbs – ho ga ii After the nai form of a verb: Soko e ikanai ho ga ii desu yo You had better not go there When speaking to a person of higher status (or in an indirect manner) you should add to omoimasu (“I think”) to the end of the phrase: mo yameta ho ga ii to omoimasu I think it would be better for you to give it up mashi da/mashi desu is often used with ho ga ii and means “preferable, better, or less objectionable”): Sonna eiga o minai ho ga ii mashi desu. It is better for me not to see such a movie

    14. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 14 Auxiliary Verbs – hitsuyo ga aru The expression hitsuyo ga aru is used to mean “to be necessary.” Used after the dictionary (plain present) form of any verb: nihongo o mainichi benkyoo suru hitsuyo ga arimasu It is necessary to study Japanese every day. mainichi mizu o takusan nomu hitsuyo desu. It is necessary to drink a lot of water everyday.

    15. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 15 Auxiliary Verbs – hitsuyo ga aru The negative form is hitsuyo wa arimasen “to not be necessary:” Sonna ni benkyo suru hitsuyo wa arimasen It is not necessary to study that much Note: the expression nakute mo ii desu (need not) can also be used as the negative form of hitsuyo ga arimasu: Sonna ni benkyo shinakute mo ii desu It is not necessary to study that much.

    16. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 16 Auxiliary Verbs – hitsuyo ga aru In the case of nouns, ga hitsuyo desu, “to be necessary” can be used. The final i of i-adjectives is dropped and –sa is added (the suffix -sa turns an adjective into a noun): onna rashisa ga hitsuyo desu (woman likeness is necessary) It is necessary for you to be womanly konna shigoto o suru to tsuyosa ga hitsuyo desu When you do this kind of work it is necessary to be strong The na of na-adjectives is dropped before ga hitsuyo desu: tomodachi ga kuru mae ni uchi ga kirei hitsuyo desu Before friends come it is necessary for the house to be clean

    17. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 17 Potential Verb Form The idea of capability or possibility, “can” or “be able to” in English, is expressed by adding –eru (or –erimasu) or –rareru (or –raremasu) to the verb stem. For u-dropping verbs, add –eru (plain present) or –emasu (polite present) to the verb stem: ano hito wa nihongo ga yoku hanaseru ano hito wa nihongo ga yoku hanasemasu That person can speak Japanese very well For –ru dropping verbs, add –rareru (plain present) or –raremasu (polite present) to the verb stem: ima wa taberareru ima wa taberaremasu Now I can eat

    18. Jpn 105 L6-3-3-10 18 Potential Verb Form The potential form may also be expressed by adding koto ga dekiru or koto ga dekimasu to any verb in the dictionary (plain present) form: Nihongo ga hanasu koto ga dekiru Nihongo ga hanasu koto ga dekimasu I can speak Japanese For irregular forms the potential forms are as follows: suru = suru koto ga dekiru or suru koto ga dekimasu kuru = korareru or koraremasu kuru koto ga dekiru/kuru koto ga dekimasu The negative forms are as follows: -enai/-emasen for u-dropping verbs -rarenai/-raremasen for ru-dropping verbs suru koto ga dekinai/suru koto ga dekimasen korarenai/koraremasen

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