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Network Layer Protocols: ARP, IPv4, ICMP, IPv6 and ICMPv6 20.1 ARP 20.2 IP 20.3 ICMP 20.4 IPv6

Network Layer Protocols: ARP, IPv4, ICMP, IPv6 and ICMPv6 20.1 ARP 20.2 IP 20.3 ICMP 20.4 IPv6. Internet Group Management Protocol Multicasting. Reversed ARP Obsolete. Internet Control Message Protocol Provides error control and messaging capabilities in unicasting.

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Network Layer Protocols: ARP, IPv4, ICMP, IPv6 and ICMPv6 20.1 ARP 20.2 IP 20.3 ICMP 20.4 IPv6

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  1. Network Layer Protocols: ARP, IPv4, ICMP, IPv6 and ICMPv6 20.1 ARP 20.2 IP 20.3 ICMP 20.4 IPv6

  2. Internet Group Management Protocol Multicasting Reversed ARP Obsolete Internet Control Message Protocol Provides error control and messaging capabilitiesin unicasting Address Resolution Protocol Find MAC address of next-hop host Internet Protocol: Provides connectionless, best-effort delivery routing of datagrams, is not concerned with the content of the datagrams; looks for a way to move the datagrams to their destination Figure 20.1Protocols at network layer

  3. 20.1 ARP Mapping Packet Format Encapsulation Operation

  4. Figure 20.2ARP operation

  5. Figure 20.3ARP packet

  6. Figure 20.4Encapsulation of ARP packet

  7. Figure 20.5Four cases using ARP

  8. Note: An ARP request is broadcast; an ARP reply is unicast.

  9. Example 1 A host with IP address 130.23.3.20 and physical address B23455102210 has a packet to send to another host with IP address 130.23.43.25 and physical address A46EF45983AB. The two hosts are on the same Ethernet network. Show the ARP request and reply packets encapsulated in Ethernet frames. Solution Figure 20.6 shows the ARP request and reply packets. Note that the ARP data field in this case is 28 bytes, and that the individual addresses do not fit in the 4-byte boundary. That is why we do not show the regular 4-byte boundaries for these addresses. Note that we use hexadecimal for every field except the IP addresses.

  10. Figure 20.6Example 1

  11. 20.2 IP Datagram Fragmentation

  12. Figure 20.7IP datagram

  13. VERS- Version number HLEN- Header length, in 32-bit words Type of Service- How the datagram should be handled Total Length- Total length, header + data Identification, Flags, Frag. Offset- Provides fragmentation of datagrams to allow differing MTU's in the Internetwork TTL- Time-To-Live Protocol - The upper-layer (Layer 4) protocol sending and receiving the datagram Header Checksum- An integrity check on the header Source IP Address and Destination IP Address- 32-bit IP addresses IP Options- Network testing, debugging, security, and other options Data- Data IP Datagram Fields

  14. Figure 20.8Multiplexing

  15. Figure 20.9Example of checksum calculation

  16. Figure 20.11Fragmentation example

  17. Figure 20.10MTU

  18. 20.3 ICMP IP gives unreliable and connectionless datagram delivery. So it gives best-effort delivery service. Efficient use of network resources. No error control/reporting. No messaging capability. ICMP = Internet Control Message Protocol Types of ICMP Messages

  19. Figure 20.12ICMP encapsulation

  20. Note: ICMP always reports error messages to the original source.

  21. Figure 20.13Error-reporting messages Packet discarded router/host gets Datagram with 0 TTL, or fragments arrive late. Packet discarded, router/host cannot deliver datagram. Packet sent to wrong router. Packet discarded, router/host is congested. Added Flow control to IP. Packet discarded, router/host gets ambiguous datagram.

  22. Note: There is no flow control or congestion control mechanism in IP.

  23. Figure 20.14Query messages Identify network communication problems between systems (host or routers) Get mask to identify network or subnetwork part of IP address. Get round-trip time, Synchronize clocks. Get information of alive and functioning routers.

  24. 20.4 IPv6 IPv6 Addresses Categories of Addresses IPv6 Packet Format Fragmentation ICMPv6 Transition

  25. NOTES: (1) Internet Usage and World Population Statistics are for June 30, 2008. (2) Populationnumbers are based on data from theUS Census Bureau . (3) Internet usage information comes from data published byNielsen//NetRatings, by the International Telecommunications Union, by local NIC, and other reliable sources. Source: www.internetworldstats.com.

  26. การปรับปรุงที่ชัดเจนของ IPv6 คือความยาวของ IP address เปลี่ยนจาก 32bits เป็น 128bits การขยายดังกล่าวเพื่อรองรับการขยายของอินเตอร์เน็ต และเพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงการขาดแคลนของตำแหน่งเครือข่าย IPv6

  27. ส่วนแตกต่างที่เด่นที่สุดของ IPv6 ซึ่งพัฒนามาจาก IPv4 คือ IPv4 ใช้ address ยาว 32-bit (กว่า 4 พันล้าน addresses) IPv6 ใช้ address ยาว128-bitaddresses (กว่า3.4×1038 addresses) Address space

  28. Figure 20.15IPv6 address

  29. Figure 20.16Abbreviated address

  30. Figure 20.17Abbreviated address with consecutive zeros

  31. Figure 20.18CIDR address

  32. Figure 20.19Format of an IPv6 datagram

  33. Figure 2 Format of an IPv6 datagram

  34. Table 4 Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 packet headers

  35. Figure 20.20Comparison of network layers in version 4 and version 6

  36. Technology converging to4G คาดการณ์กันว่าทุกเทคโนโลยีจะต้องใช้ IP เป็นโปรโตคอลพื้นฐาน

  37. As of December 2005, IPv6 accounts for a tiny percentage of the live addresses in the publicly-accessible Internet, which is still dominated by IPv4. Slow because of classless addressing network address translation(NAT), When will we runout of IPv4 addresses? APNIC(2003): the available space would last until 2023, Cisco Systems(2005): available addresses would be exhausted in 4–5 years. Why so slow?

  38. Although adoption of IPv6 has been slow, as of 2008, all United States government systems must support IPv6. Meanwhile China is planning to get a head start implementing IPv6 with their 5 year plan for the China Next Generation Internet. The country of Japan changed to IPv6. When is the change?

  39. TRANSITION FROM IPv4 TO IPv6 Because of the huge number of systems on the Internet, the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 cannot happen suddenly. It takes a considerable amount of time before every system in the Internet can move from IPv4 to IPv6. The transition must be smooth to prevent any problems between IPv4 and IPv6 systems. Topics discussed in this section: Dual StackTunneling

  40. Figure 20.21Three transition strategies

  41. Figure 20.22Three transition strategies

  42. Figure 20.23Tunneling

  43. Figure 20.24Header translation

  44. ในปัจจุบันได้มีการก่อตั้งคณะทำงานระดับประเทศขึ้นภายใต้ชื่อ Thailand IPv6 Forum กิจกรรมในปัจจุบันของ Thailand IPv6 Forum ได้แก่ การเข้าร่วมเป็นสมาชิกของ Asia-Pacific IPv6 Task Force และการเชื่อมต่อแบบ Native IPv6 ในส่วนของประเทศไทย

  45. Internet Protocol Provides connectionless, best-effort delivery routing of datagrams, is not concerned with the content of the datagrams; looks for a way to move the datagrams to their destination ARP Find MAC address of next-hop host RARP(obsolete) ICMP Provides error control and messaging capabilitiesin unicasting Summary

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