Markus Lehmann Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Montreal, Canada

1. Markus Lehmann Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Montreal, Canada Valuation of Biodiversity and Biodiversity Resources and FunctionsInternational Review Meeting for Country Projects onIntegrated Assessment of Trade-related Polices and Biological Diversity in the Agricultural SectorGeneva, 26 – 28 November 2007

2. Outline • Basic concepts of economic valuation • Overview of valuation tools • Application in assessments

3. 1. Basic concepts • Economic value is based on individuals’ preferences, which are reflected in their willingness-to-pay willingness-to-pay = the sacrifice that individuals are willing to make in order to secure a certain good or service NB: not necessarily in monetary terms • This feature applies generally, including for marketed goods and services • The concept is hence: • anthropogenic (value is assigned by humans) • subjective (value is assigned by individuals – and aggregated over all individuals who assign value)

4. 1. Basic concepts • Why undertaking economic valuation? • Missing markets for many environmental assets including components of biodiversity • Many components bear characteristics of public goods: nobody can be excluded from their use • No or weak incentives for individual conservation/sustainable use efforts • No price signal that indicates scarcity of biodiversity Economic valuation shall elicit “hidden” biodiversity values for better decision-making

5. 1. Basic concepts • NB: Economic value  commercial value: individuals may assign value for different reasons or motives, and not only for the immediate benefits of commercial exploitations of resources • Different motives for valuing environmental assets are reflected in the “total economic value” concept • NB: total economic value  global value

6. TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE (TEV) USE VALUE NON-USE VALUE TEV CATEGORIES Direct use value Consumptive, non-consumptive Indirect use value Option value Existence value Bequest value (for future generations) EXAMPLES for Biodiversity Hunting Fishing Timber harvesting Harvesting of non-timber forest products Harvesting of biomass Recreation Watershed protection (erosion control, local flood reduction, regulation of streamflows, storm protection) Ecological processes (fixing and cycling of nutrients, soil formation, circulation and cleansing of air and water, climate regulation, carbon fixing, global life support) Genetic resources Old-growth forest (irreversibilities!) Charismatic mega-fauna (whales, great apes, etc.) and their habitats COMMONLY USED VALUATION METHODS Change in productivity, cost-based approaches, hedonic prices, travel cost, stated preference methods Change in productivity, cost-based approaches, stated preference methods Change in productivity, cost-based approaches, stated preference methods Stated preference methods 1. Basic concepts

7. 1. Basic concepts Economic valuation shall elicit “hidden” biodiversity values for better decision-making… • Stand-alone (awareness-raising) • Integration into economic decision-making tools • Cost-benefit-analysis (CBA) • Cost-effectiveness-analysis (CEA) • Integration/interaction with other assessment tools • …

8. 2. Valuation tools Types of valuation tools • Revealed-preference methods individuals reveal their willingness-to-pay in actual behavior (e.g., in “surrogate” markets) • Stated-preference methods individuals state their willingness-to-pay in hypothetical behavior, by responding to questionnaires • Benefit (functions) transfer transfer results of one or several studies to a comparable site

9. 2. Valuation tools 1. Revealed-preference methods • Changes in productivity trace impact of ecosystem change on produced goods • Travel cost method derive willingness-to-pay from actual data on travel expenditures • Hedonic analysis identify implicit price (‘shadow price’) of environmental attributes of marketed goods (in particular real estate) • Cost-based approaches replacement/restoration cost as a lower bound for the value

10. 2. Valuation tools Change in productivity • Two steps: • quantifying the biophysical relationships by tracing through and quantifying a chain of causality • undertake the actual valuation • If surrogate goods are marketed, 1. may well be more challenging than 2. • Example: coffee cultivation and pollination by wild bees (Ricketts 2004) • Broadly applicable for use values whenever surrogate produced goods can be identified • See cases III, IV, and X in Technical Series No. 28

11. 2. Valuation tools Travel cost method • Used for site-seeing/recreation benefits (tourism, protected areas) • See cases I, VII, VIII, XIII Cost-based approaches • Not a valuation technique per se • Can be used to identify least-cost alternative • Catskills case as an example • See cases III, IV

12. 2. Valuation tools 2. Stated preference methods • Contingent valuation, contingent choice • Broadly applicable, can cover non-use values • Challenges: • Sample representativeness • Communicating complex issues • Avoid various biases in responses • The role of questionnaire design including pre-testing • NOAA Guidance • See examples II, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X

13. 2. Valuation tools General assessment • Valuation tools can generally provide useful and reliable information when applied carefully and according to best practice • Choice of tools is situation-dependent (which types of values are deemed to be relevant?) • Tools can be combined among each other • Capturing different types of value • Sensitivity analysis • Tools can be combined with deliberative/ participatory approaches • Sensitivity analysis • Distributional impacts • Non-economic considerations, sensitivities

14. 2. Valuation tools General assessment (cont.) • Application is costly and requires considerable technical expertise • Application of stated-preference techniques is also particularly time-consuming • Tradeoff between cost and reliability • Revealed preference methods inherently more reliable, but: • Tradeoff between reliability and applicability (capturing non-use values!) Apply a cost-benefit criterion to the valuation itself, including to the choice of the valuation tool(s) …and what does all this mean for your studies?

15. 3. Valuation and assessments To use or not to use? Case-specific considerations • Capacity preconditions • Existing valuation work on the topic (ecosystem) under consideration – as a starting point • In the country? • In the sub-region? • Existing data • Study design, in particular choice of assessment method • E.g.: use of CBA

16. 3. Valuation and assessments • And which tools to use in your cases? • Be guided by the critical ecosystem services – focus on the most important ones • Surveys might be needed to identify those on the community level, and to gather data for their valuation • Direct and indirect use values seem to be more relevant, and option value in the PNG case • Consider using: • Change-in-productivity • Cost-based approaches • Elements of benefits transfer if time constraints are severe Valuation WG-L&R-3 -- February 2007 – 16

17. 3. Valuation and assessments • Consider cases III and IV for inspiration: • Case IV is very close to the Madagascar topic • Case III analyses TEV of forests – of relevance to most other cases • Cases identify important ecosystem services • Cases use different valuation tools simultaneously • Case IV uses participatory mechanisms (focus group discussions) to gain information and data on ecosystem services from communities Valuation WG-L&R-3 -- February 2007 – 17

18. Thank you