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CH 28 The Eisenhower Years – Cold War Era 1953-’60

CH 28 The Eisenhower Years – Cold War Era 1953-’60. Cold War at its Peak . US in Korea Communism a formidable foe Segregation still the norm Cult of Motherhood (female fulfillment through motherhood) in full force. Eisenhower (Ike) in Power. Domestically Continued New Deal Plans

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CH 28 The Eisenhower Years – Cold War Era 1953-’60

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  1. CH 28 The Eisenhower Years – Cold War Era 1953-’60

  2. Cold War at its Peak • US in Korea • Communism a formidable foe • Segregation still the norm • Cult of Motherhood (female fulfillment through motherhood) in full force

  3. Eisenhower (Ike) in Power • Domestically • Continued New Deal Plans • Tried to Balance Budget • Foreign Policy • End the Korean Conflict • Warned China with Nuclear Weapons • Stalemate and truce signed 1953

  4. Hunting for “subversives” • Expanded Federal Loyalty Program • Fired 1,500 fed employees as security risks • Alcoholics, homosexuals, political threats • Joseph McCarthy • Kept up the attack even against own party • Attacked Ike’s army as subversive • Ike asked for tvhearings of the army trial • McCarthy looked and acted badly on TV • Censured by Senate for dishonor and disrepute

  5. Ike and Fighting the Cold War – Brinksmanship • Ike supported Containment Policy • Worried about high costs of military • “New Look” • Use the deterrent of massive nuclear retaliation • Decreased soldiers, increased warheads • This threatened an attack in return, needed options • CIA formed for “covert actions”

  6. Ike and Vietnam • Ho Chi Minh (marxist/nationalist) sought independence for Vietnam from French • US supported French efforts to eliminate Minh • Vietminh grew stronger • French asked for US help; US refused • Minh defeated French • Partition of N and S completed in 1954

  7. Vietnam and the Domino Theory • South Vietnam must remain “free” • If it became communist the whole region would fall like “Dominoes” • Communism would then spread world wide

  8. The Civil Rights Movement • S.C. Justice Earl Warren approved 1953 • Brown v. Board of Education • Challenged School Segregation • Separate is by definition unequal • Made black students feel inferior to white students • Warren insisted on a Unanimous overturning of Plessy v. Ferguson • No timetables • Southern reaction intense • Violence flared • Ike vowed to support the Constitution

  9. Little Rock, AK – Ike’s 2nd Term • South Opposed the Brown Decision • AK Gov. Faubus defied the courts mandate to integrate the schools • Turned away 9 black students • TV showed mob violence • Ike used military to carry out court order • 1,000 paratroopers escorted 9 students to school

  10. Montgomery Bus Boycott • 12/01/1955 – Rosa Parks refused to give her bus seat to a white passenger • Arrested • Electrified black community  Bus boycott • Martin Luther King Jr. chosen to lead boycott • Young, energetic, used non-violence & mass action • Would create the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) • Boycott nearly bankrupt the city bus system • Federal courts struck down the segregation law

  11. Impact of the “Magic Box” • TV has the power to sell • Politics • Goods • Davy Crockett’s Coonskin caps • by 1953 ABC, NBC and CBS established • Former radio broadcasters • Commercials appeared immediatly

  12. Cultural Impacts of TV • Promoted Hopes of the ideal family • Ozzie and Harriot; Leave it to Beaver • Middle-class, white, dad went to work (easy white-collar job), mom stayed home • No money problems, no anger • Stereotypes • Amos and Andy; blacks as clowns,crooks

  13. More TV issues • TV quality eventually diminished • Bland clones (rip offs) of other shows • Think CSI  CSI NY  CSI Miami • Kids watched too much TV • 11,000 hrs in school; 15,000 at TV • Complaints that tv created shorter attention spans

  14. Youth Culture of the 50s • Why? • Relative affluence • Undermining of thrift and self-denial values • “race” music (hillbilly, gospel) available nationwide • Elvis & others gave a white face to black music • Targeted as vulgar and dangerous to youth • Only helped their status among the youth

  15. Other Cultural notes – The Beats • Young poets and writers • Rejected mainstream values • Despised consumerism, technology, politics • US culture was meaningless and conformist • Sought escape from middle class values

  16. A Cold War Crisis for Ike • USSR’s Khrushev denounced Stalin • Hinted at a relaxation of Soviet grip on East Europe • Hungary revolted and USSR trampled the protest • Israel • US supported Israel, but new the value of Arab neighbors • Egyptian PM Nassar vowed to destroy Israel and end British control of the Suez Canal • Nassar took the Canal and Israel surrounded the Egyptians • Britain quickly took the Canal back • US condemned the invasion • Israel ill will begins

  17. Sputnik and the Space Race • Launched 1954 • USSR’s Sputnik I was an unmanned satellite • Sputnik II had a live dog in it • Anger and dismay in the United States • We had taken our technical advantage for granted • Triggered an attack on our educational system • Call for refocus on math, science, foreign language (?) • Led to the Creation of NASA

  18. Drama and TV in the 1960 election • Kennedy V. Nixon • Kennedy • Promised a “new frontier” to uplift the country • Inexperienced and Catholic though • Debates were televised • Kennedy (young) looked good on tv • Nixon looked clammy and nervous • Viewers said he clearly won the debates • Radio listeners said it was a draw • Kennedy won a close election in 1960

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