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Introduction to DNA for Genealogists

Introduction to DNA for Genealogists. James Rader jim@rader.org. The Concepts In the category of Genetics and Genealogy. What are we Trying to Accomplish ?. DNA testing Does not. Does Not replace Traditional genealogical research Does Not tell you your ancestor’s name

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Introduction to DNA for Genealogists

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  1. Introduction to DNA for Genealogists James Rader jim@rader.org

  2. The Concepts In the category of Genetics and Genealogy

  3. What are we Trying to Accomplish ?

  4. DNA testing Does not • Does Not replace Traditional genealogical research • Does Not tell you your ancestor’s name • Does not give you date and place of residence

  5. Family Tree DNA • Family Finder - NEW! Discover close relatives and your ethnic percentages with Family Finder! within the past 5 generations • Y-DNA Testing - Discover the Origin of Your Paternal Line with a Y-DNA Test •  Full Mitochondrial Sequence (FMS) test to learn about the maternal line origin and find matches in your direct maternal line

  6. Autosomal test results - Family Finder

  7. An Example of STR Y-DNA genealogy Johan Casper Rötter 1732-1812 Signed his oath of Allegiance to the King Of The British Empire 1750 The genealogical community came up with the following descendant chart But is it actually correct ?

  8. What am I testing in my Surname Study? Relationship confirmed Alton, Earl, Thomas’ son Jim match exactly on 37 STR markers

  9. AncestryDNA • Breakdown of your genetic ethnicity • New relatives matches in real time • Simple integration with your Ancestry tree • Automatic updates to your results as new scientific discoveries are made • One test that works for men and women

  10. Ancestry.com offers DNA Tests for Genealogy • AncestryDNAwww.ancestrydna.com

  11. AncestryDNAcont

  12. 23andme.com • All the ancestors you know. And some you didn't. • Ancestry Composition • DNA Relatives • 23andMe family tree tool • Maternal and paternal lineages • Neanderthal percentage

  13. 23andME - My DNA compared to my Grand daughter

  14. Do the tests tell us who we are related to? • Only if two people who are related test! • On the everything test they will only tell closely related people how they are related but again you need to find the people to test! • If your relative has already tested

  15. How do they work ? • Your race or ethnicity • Deep ancestry (before surnames) • Degree of Relatedness

  16. What are we measuring? The Concepts In the category of Genetics and Genealogy

  17. Spit Sample or Cheek Scraper

  18. What is DNA ?

  19. What is a chromosome ?

  20. 23 chromosomes

  21. mtDNA

  22. We measure errors and size • When DNA is being copied into sperm and eggs for the next generation mistakes happen!

  23. What do we measure for Genealogy? • In the nucleus of the cell is the DNA • In the rest of the cell are mitochondria These parts of the human are measured and compared for Genealogical uses. • There are two ways of measuring them • STR = Short Tandem Repeats • SNP = single-nucleotide polymorphisms

  24. STR DNA Measurements

  25. STR Repeats How tall is it

  26. STR Matching

  27. SNP DNA Measurements

  28. SNP omission

  29. SNP replaced

  30. SNP substituted

  31. SNP Errors Where is the Mistake in copying?

  32. SNP data by Britains DNA

  33. SNPs accumulate over time -20K AGE:  TO BE DETERMINED -75K PATERNAL LINE R-Z207

  34. Autosomal matching

  35. autosomal DNA statistics Percentage centiMorgans Relationship • 50% 3400.00 Mother, father, siblings • 25% 1700.00 Grandfathers, half-siblings, dbl 1st cousins • 12.5%850.00 Great-grandparents, first cousins, great-uncles • 6.25%425.00 First cousins once removed, half first cousins • 3.12%212.50 Second cousins, first cousins twice removed • 1.56%106.25 Second cousins once removed • 0.781% 53.13 Third cousins, second cousins twice removed • 0.391% 26.56 Third cousins once removed

  36. Y Chromosome Males have a Y Chromosome Their father gave them

  37. Those in blue are males who have Y-DNA Does George Metcalf Have a copy of Reuben Rader’s Y-DNA ?

  38. All of those in blue have William W. Rader’s Y-DNA

  39. Which of William Rader’s grandchildren have his Y-DNA Those in pink are girls, Females do NOT have Y-DNA

  40. Can You follow the path of the Y-DNA ? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 The couple on the Left have 18 great Grandchildren showing Which of these Descendants Have the Y-DNA Of their great grandfather

  41. My ancestor is alive in me ! All direct line descendant Males have the same Y Chromosome

  42. 1660 1695 1730 1765 1800 The Direct Male Line 1835 1870 1900 1930 1960

  43. 1660 1695 1730 1765 1800 The Direct Male Line 1835 1870 1900 1930 Father & Cousins 1960

  44. 1660 1695 1730 1765 1800 The Direct Male Line 1835 1870 1900 1930 Grandfather & 2nd Cousins 1960

  45. 1660 1695 1730 1765 1800 The Direct Male Line 1835 1870 1900 1930 Great Grandfather & 3rd Cousins 1960

  46. All would have the same Y DNA 1660 1695 The Direct Male Line 1730 1765 1800 1835 1870 1900 1930 1960

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