„ S ecret fluids” - biological fluids overview, modelling, problems

1. „Secret fluids” - biological fluidsoverview, modelling, problems Anna Kucaba-Piętal Rzeszów University of Technology, Poland School of Engineering, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3GH, UK , May 13th 2013

2. Contents • Overview of biological fluids, contents, modelling, problem formulation • Fundamental • biofluid • rheology • Blood • rheological parameters of blood • factors which effect on blood viscosity • diaseses • Synovial fluid • rheological parameters of s.f • factors which effect on s. f. viscosity • diaseses • Plasma and lymph as Newtonian fluid • Conclusion

3. Aim of Lectures • Questions: • What influences the change of rheological propertiesof biological fluids and what are the consequences? • Why is it important to predict rheological • parameters of biofluid? • Answers: • Due to the formulationbioflowequations • To maintainnonbiologicalfluidsthathas • rheological properties comparble to real biofluid • To use it in diagnostics of clinical disorders

4. Fluid Environment

5. Body fluids • Total amount of fluid in the human body is approximately 70% of body weight • Body fluid has been divided into two compartments – • Intracellular fluid (ICF) • Inside the cells • 55% of total body water • Extracellular fluid • Outside the cells • 45% of total body water

6. Body fluid compartments Extracellular fluid includes: • Interstitial fluid • Present between the cells • Approximately 80% of ECF • Plasma • Present in blood • Approximately 20% of ECF • Also includes • Lymph • synovial fluid • aqueous humor • cerebrospinal fluid • vitreous body • endolymph • perilymph • pleural, pericardial and peritoneal fluids

7. Body fluid compartments

8. Body fluid compartments

9. Barriers separate ICF, interstitial fluid and plasma • Plasma membrane • Separates ICF from surrounding interstitial fluid • Blood vessel wall • Separate interstitial fluid from plasma

10. Composition of body fluids Organic substances • Glucose • Amino acids • Fatty acids • Hormones • Enzymes • Inorganic substances • Sodium • Potassium • Calcium • Magnesium • Chloride • Phophate • Sulphate

11. Most abundant cation - Na+, muscle contraction Impulse transmission fluid and electrolyte balance Most abundant anion - Cl- Regulates osmotic pressure Forms HCl in gastric acid Most abundant cation - K+ Resting membrane potential Action potentials Maintains intracellular volume Regulation of pH Anion are proteins and phosphates (HPO42-) Difference Na+ /K+ pumps play major role in keeping K+ high inside cells and Na+ high outside cell

12. Control of body fluid volume (Homeostasis) • In health the volume and composition of various body fluid compartments are maintained within physiological limits even in face of wide variations in intake of water and solutes .

13. Body fluids • Amniotic fluid • Aqueous humour and vitreous humour • Bile • Blood • Breast milk • Cerebrospinal fluid • Cerumen (earwax) • Chyle • Chyme • Endolymph and perilymph • Feces - see diarrhea • Female ejaculate • Gastric acid • Gastric juice • Lymph • Mucus (including nasal drainage and phlegm) • Pericardial fluid • Peritoneal fluid • Pleural fluid • Pus • Rheum • Saliva • Sebum (skin oil) • Semen • Sputum • Sweat • Synovial fluid • Tears • Vaginal secretion • Vomit • Urine

14. Specialized fluids of the body • Lymph • Milk • Cerebrospinal fluid • Amniotic fluid • Aqueous humor • Sweat • Tears

15. Transport problems Microscopiclevel • Transport Mechanisms • Membrane Transport • Intracellularmembrane transport • ICF-ECF Exchange • ISF-Plasma Exchange • CapillaryPressures Macroscopiclevel • Blood Flow CFD simulation  • synovial fluid

16. Wstawie pozniej Navier-Stokes equations

17. Theviscosity and elasticitydeterminethepressurerequired to producebioflows. Viscosityis an assessment of therate of energy dissipation Elasticityis an assessment of theelasticstorage of energy Howisrelationsbetweenshearstress and deformation? Rheological parameters, a constitutive equation

18. Body fluid percentages

19. Rheology as an interdisciplinary science Physics Chemistry Rheology (of Liquids) Mechanics of Continuum Technology/ Engineering

20. Viscosity Viscosity = F(S,T,p,s,t, V) S- physico-chemicalproperties of substances, T-temperature, p- pressure, s-velocity of shear, t-time, V-voltage

21. Models NEWTONIAN FLUID F y u(y) NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID . t = f(g) 21

22. Blood • Blood is a concentrated suspension of Red Blood Cells; outside the range of dilute suspension • Particles change their shape in response to the fluid forces • The nature of RBC membrane and its deformation stress/strain is much less established • RBC tends to form agregates known as rouleaux

23. Blood - components Constituents of Blood % Plasma proteins 3.2 – 4.4 Red blood cells 40 – 54 White blood cells 0.03 - 0.05 Water 42 –58 Electrolytes < 0.001 Organic nutrients < 0.001 Organic wastes < 0.001 Platelets ~ 0.1

24. Blood – formed elements TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES PLATELETS RBCs

25. Physical properties of blood RANGE Density (g/cm3) 1.050-1.064 Viscosity (cP) 2.18-3.59 pH 7.35-7.45 PROPERTY • Factors affecting the blood rheology: • a) hematocrit • b) deformation and agregationof red bloodcells • c) biochemicalproperties of plasma • d) temperature • e) the geometry and flowparameters

26. Plasma Component Percent Water ~92 Proteins 6–8 Salts 0.8 Lipids 0.6 Glucose (blood sugar) 0.1 Plasma is the straw-colored liquid in which the blood cells are suspended. Composition of blood plasma:

27. Plasma • Water : 90% • Solids: 10% • organic constituents: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates , hormones, enzymes, Ketone bodies , and other organic compounds. Inorganic compounds: Na, K Ca,Cl,and CO2.

28. Comparison of Newtonian plasma and blood viscosity

29. Lymph • Clear and colorless fluid • 96% water and 4% solids • Solids – • Proteins • 2-6% of solids • albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, clotting factors, antibodies, enzymes • Lipids • 5-15% • Chylomicrons • Lipoproteins • Carbohydrates • Glucose mainly • NPN • Urea and creatinine • Electrolytes • Sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonates

30. Functions of lymph • Return protein from tissue spaces into blood • Redistribution of fluid • Removal of bacteria, toxins and other foreign bodies from tissues • Maintain structural and functional integrity of tissue • Route for intestinal fat absorption • Transport lymphocytes

31. What is it? It is a fluid that resembles plasma but with a much lower concentration of suspended proteins Functions? Transports hormones, nutrients, and waste products from peripheral tissues to the general circulation Returns fluid and solute from peripheral tissues to the blood Maintains blood volume and eliminates local variations in the composition of the interstitial fluid Lymphatic fluid

32. Newtonian behavior Newtonian fluid: constant viscosity at all shear rates at a constant pressure and temperature. Relationship between shear stress and shear rate is linear.

33. Synovial fluid

34. Synovial fluid

35. Functions • Minimise the friction between during bones movement or weight bearing • Provides nutrition for cartilage. • 0.15-3.5ml

36. Sodium Hyaluronate, Hyaluronan Made up of repeating glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine subunits High molecular weight: 0.2 to 10 million Dalton Major component of synovial fluid Exhibits viscoelastic properties Synovial fluid • Main Factors affecting the rheological properties: • a) Hyaluronic Acid concentation • c) Molecular weigh of Hyaluronic Acid • d) Temperature

37. Perspectives • Pathophysiological significance of biofluid rheology • Develop an understanding of how the micro- and nano-structure of blood influences its rheology • Explore to use of rheological parameters in diagnostics and menagement of clinical disorders and inoptimisation of blood processing • Explore new methods of measurement suited for clinical application • Maintain new type apparatus for such measurements

38. Thank you