Chapter 15; Section 1 Main Ideas

1. Chapter 15; Section 1 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: The typical cycle between native Americans and Europeans was… • Encounter • Conquest • Death • Main Idea #2: Europeans dominated Native Americans using 3 weapons… • 1. Guns 2. Horses 3. Disease • Main Idea #3: Aztec Empire was defeated by Cortes (Spanish conquistador) • Main Idea #4: Inca Empire was defeated by Pizzaro (Spanish conquistador)

2. Section 1; Conquest in the Americas by Columbus had far reaching effects for the people who had already lived there • First Encounters in Americas began a cycle of encounter, conquest, and death • Spanish conquistadors first settled Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba, and Puerto Rico) • Guns, Horses, and Disease were the 3 weapons which gave a few hundred Spanish superiority over millions of Native Americans (disease wiped out as much as 90% of the native population) Smallpox was one of the diseases that wiped out much of the native population. Small pox is contagious, and sometimes fatal disease. There is no specific treatment for smallpox, and the only prevention is vaccination. The pox part of smallpox is derived from the Latin word for “spotted” and refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person. Historically, smallpox has an overall fatality rate of about 30%. The disease is now eradicated after a vaccination program. The last case of smallpox in the United States was in 1949. The last naturally occurring case in the world was in Somalia in 1977. Similarity & Difference Based on the picture give a S & D

3. The Americas, 500-1530 • Cortes Conquers Mexico as stories of gold enticed European explores to set sail • Cortes Advances on the Aztecs heading toward Tenochtitlan with only 600 men, 16 horses, and a few cannons • Montezuma Faces a Dilemma as he was not sure if Cortes was a god who returned, so Montezuma sent religious gifts to Cortes • Tenochtitlan Falls to the Spanish as Cortes takes Tenochtitlan through battle and disease See, Think, Wonder Activity See – Based on maps, Think- Based on text, and Wonder – Based on future effects

4. Pizarro Takes Peru with special interest in the Inca Empire in 1532 during an Incan civil war; Pizarro asked Atahualpa to convert to Christianity and become a Spanish vassal (he refused); Pizarro took Atahualpa and killed thousands of Inca; Pizarro demanded ransom for Atahualpa, Inca paid it, and Spanish killed him anyway; Pizarro and the Spanish had no trouble taking what was left of the Inca Empire See, Think, Wonder Activity See – Based on maps, Think- Based on text, and Wonder – Based on future effects

5. Effects of the Spanish Conquistadors: Spain – helped them become the most powerful empire in the world at that time (used guns, horses, and disease), and had started to use slave labor in mines Rate Columbus, Cortes, and Pizarro as… Villains & Heroes Columbus Pizarro Cortes Region: _____________ Create 3 #’s… Region: _____________ Create a Sentence, Phrase, Word … Region: _____________ Create a Color, Symbol, Slogan… Heroic scene of Columbus “discovering” America The Inca king Atahualpa begs Pizarro for mercy The Aztecs greet Cortez

6. Chapter 15; Section 1 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: The typical cycle between native Americans and Europeans was… • ????? • ????? • ????? • Main Idea #2: Europeans dominated Native Americans using 3 weapons… • 1. ??? 2. ????? 3. ?????? • Main Idea #3: Aztec Empire was defeated by… • Main Idea #4: Inca Empire was defeated by…

7. Chapter 15; Section 2 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: Spain effected:Government, Trade, Religion • Main Idea #2: Spanish colonial society created a new Social Structure • Main Idea #3: Portugal takes Brazil

8. Section2; Spanish and the Portuguese Colonies represented European, Native American, and African traditions • Ruling the Spanish Empire (California to South America) had lasting effects on many areas of life • Governingthe Provinces: Set up a Council of the Indies (to pass laws) and appointed viceroys (representatives who ruled in the king’s name) • Spreading Christianity: Just as important as land, Church leaders served as royal officials, thousands of Native Americans were baptized • ControllingTrade: King kept tight control over trade, Gold, Silver, and Sugar Cane were the most important resources being shipped from the Americas • Encomiendas – A System of Forced Labor: killed many of the Native Americans (disease, starvation, and treatment), and was first used in the mines (iron ore) • Bringing Workers From Africa: Began in the 1530s as the demand for sugar skyrocketed millions of Africans were imported as slaves Rate the lasting effects of the Spanish Empire from 1-5 (1=most effect, 5=least effect) *Have reasons for your rating

9. Colonial Society and Culture gave way to a new social structure resulting in a culture distinct to the Americas • A Layered Society: Peninsulares (people born in Spain), Creoles (American-born decedents of Spanish settlers), Mestizos (NA and European descent), and Mulattoes (African and European descent) Based on the layered society we just went over in the notes, I want you to create a diagram representing the social structure. *Be sure to include all 4 groups Mestizos, Mulattoes, Creoles, and Peninsulares Peninsulares (people born in Spain) Creoles (American born descendants of Spanish settlers) Mulattoes (African & Europeans) Mestizos (Native Americans & Europeans)

10. The Portuguese Colony in Brazil claimed its empire in the East through the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 • Settling Brazil was relatively easy as most of the Tupian Indians were wiped out by disease, Portuguese government began to build towns, plantations, and churches, Brazilian wood was the main resource exported, and eventually turned to agriculture and raising cattle (4 million Africans were enslaved in Brazil to work the land) Treaty of Tordesillas Claim, Evidence, Support *Prompt: The Treaty of Tordesillas benefited Portugal more than it did Spain

11. Spanish & Portuguese Empires Spanish EmpireSimilarities Portuguese Empire Took over Mexico and parts of N.America Enslaved groups of people Took over modern day Brazil Came looking for gold and conquered Native Americans Disease helped them conquer natives easily Used slaves from Africa and created an agricultural empire Venn Diagram Time… Give at LEAST 2 per box

12. Chapter 15; Section 2 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: Spanish domination in the Americas had major effects • Examples:???, ???, ??? • Main Idea #2: Spanish colonial society created a new… • Main Idea #3: Portugal takes…

13. Chapter 15; Section 3 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: French Colonies developed along the St. Lawrence River • Main Idea #2: English Colonies (13) developed along the northern coast of North America • Main Idea #3: English and French colonial rivalry turned into the French and Indian War

14. Section 3; Struggle for North America saw the French, Netherlands, England, and Sweden joining Spain in settling North America (France and England would come to dominate North America and they would turn a major profit) Claim, Support, Evidence, Vocabulary *Prompt: Based on the map, which country had the greatest chance of taking all of North America

15. Struggling for Power turned into a fight for power in the colonies and around the world as a protest and for expansion • Competing for Colonies: French – settled in Canada and most of present day America; Spain – settled in present day Texas and Florida; English and Dutch – colonies on the East Coast of North America • Bitter Rivalry Turns to War between the British and the French (eventually fighting in Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia • French and Indian War (France had early victories, but British eventually won) began in 1754 and turned into the Seven Years’ War in Europe in 1756, and the war moved to India and Africa • In 1763 the Treaty of Paris officially ended the worldwide war and assured British domination in North America

16. The Explanation Game *Based on the map…. 1) Give two thoughts “I notice that”… 2a) “Why did it happen that way?” (Based on #1) 2b)“Why did it happen that way?” (Based on #1)

17. Chapter 15; Section 3 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: French Colonies developed… • Main Idea #2: English Colonies (13) developed… • Main Idea #3: English and French colonial rivalries turned…

18. Chapter 15; Section 4 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: Triangular Trade= Europe (goods to Africa), Africa (Slaves to Americas), Americas (raw materials to Europe) • Main Idea #2: The Middle Passage took anywhere from 3 weeks to 3 months • Main Idea #3: Slave trade brought enormous wealth to merchants and devastated African society

19. Section 4; The Atlantic Slave Trade was started by the Spanish (South America),and would eventually spread • Triangular Trade Across the Atlantic linked Europe with Africa and the Americas • Shipping People and Goods had 3 legs: 1. European goods to Africa (guns, cloth, and cash); 2. Middle Passage of slaves to the Americas; 3. Resources / commodities (sugar, molasses, salt fish, rum, and furs) were shipped to Europe 3, 2, 1 Activity *Based on the map and text, create… 3 Thoughts 2 Questions 1 Analogy An analogy is more of a logical argument demonstrating how two things are alike by pointing out shared characteristics.

20. **Create 3 questions dealing with this map and the information in it. *Why is it called the “Middle Passage?” *Be sure you can answer your questions using the map. *Do NOT answer your questions, and leave space for an answer.

21. Horrors of the Middle Passage • The Trek to the Ships were thousands of miles by foot in shackles and chains (some may be forced to carry heavy loads), for those who had not died or had been killed for trying to escape their destination was Elmina, Ghana, or Senegal • Aboard the Floating Coffins Africans were packed below deck anywhere from 3 weeks to 3 months • Dysentery was the most common reason for death and many died of smallpox, but most would die from suicide

22. Clip from the movie Amistad (1997)A historical drama film directed by Steven Spielberg based on the true story of an uprising in 1839 by newly captured African slaves that took place aboard the ship La Amistad off the coast of Cuba, and the voyage to the Northeastern United States, and the legal battle that followed their capture by a United States cutter. It shows how, even though the case was won at the federal district court level, it was appealed by President Martin Van Buren to the Supreme Court, and how former President John Quincy Adams took part in the proceedingsClip is 11:38

23. Atlantic Slave Trade… *A blog is like a diary entry, you can write about what you think. Blog about the video ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What images stick out most for you? Why? How did the video make you feel? What questions does the video bring you? How can a human being treat another human being like that? Is there slavery today?

24. Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade brought enormous wealth to merchants and fulfilled the need for labor, but it devastated African societies (elements of African society) • Estimated in the 1500s that 2,000 slaves were sent to the Americas each year (at its peak in the 1780s that number reached 80,000 a year); the slave trade stopped in the mid -1800s, but an estimated 6-11 million were enslaved in the Americas and another 2 million died on the trip

25. Chapter 15; Section 4 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: Triangular Trade was between… • Main Idea #2: The Middle Passage… • Main Idea #3: Slave trade brought…

26. Chapter 15; Section 5 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: The Columbian Exchange was the exchange of food, plants, animals, and ideas from America to Europe • Main Idea #2: The Commercial Revolution brought new business practices and increased goods • Main Idea #3: Mercantilism was practiced by many European countries (export more than you import, and build up gold and silver reserves)

27. Section 5; Effects of Global Contact in the 1500s and 1600s would become European domination of the globe • The Columbian Exchange occurred as Columbus brought back plants and animals and he took plants and animals to the Americas on his return trip • The Global Population Explodes through the exchange of plants (food supply increased) helped to spark the migration of millions of people (European to the Americas, Africa, and Asia; Africans to the Americas) Was the Columbian exchange good or bad? (Why) Create an analogy of Columbian exchange today? How does this picture represent the Columbian Exchange? Columbian Exchange was an exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable disease, and ideas

28. A Commercial Revolution had major effects on local and regional economics • Capitalism (economic system in which most businesses are privately owned) Emerges as Entrepreneurs take on financial risk to make profits (allowed capitalism to work) Based on this cartoon, is capitalism good? What is the main idea or message of this cartoon? Economic system in which investment and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and wealth is made by private individuals or corporations

29. Mercantilism Arises, which is aimed at strengthening national economies and wealth and was measured in silver and gold (to build up a country’s silver and gold a country must export more than it imports) How does this cartoon represent Mercantilism? Economic system in which government control of foreign trade is focused on ensuring the prosperity and security of the state by a positive balance of trade (export more than you import)

30. Chapter 15; Section 5 Main Ideas • Main Idea #1: The Columbian Exchange… • Main Idea #2: The Commercial Revolution… • Main Idea #3: Mercantilism…