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Increasing the Awareness o f Malaria Incidence in African Children & Pregnant Women

Increasing the Awareness o f Malaria Incidence in African Children & Pregnant Women. Ogbojaoluwafemi Precious Walden University PUBH 6165 Environmental Health April 18 th , 2014. Agenda. Expected L earning outcome Targeted Audience/Reason for targeting them Malaria Etiology

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Increasing the Awareness o f Malaria Incidence in African Children & Pregnant Women

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  1. Increasing the Awareness of Malaria Incidence in African Children & Pregnant Women Ogbojaoluwafemi Precious Walden University PUBH 6165 Environmental Health April 18th, 2014

  2. Agenda • Expected Learning outcome • Targeted Audience/Reason for targeting them • Malaria Etiology • Malaria Epidemiology • Malaria Mortality and Morbidity • Significance of Malaria Incidence • Who is at Risk • Diagnosis and Treatment • Malaria Control

  3. Agenda Cont. • Surveillance • Elimination • Who are the stakeholders • Stakeholders’ efforts • Identify Barriers in fighting Malaria • Conclusion

  4. Expected Learning Outcome • Understanding Malaria Epidemiology • Understanding Significance of Malaria Incidence • Identify Who is at Risk • Ability to Diagnosis and Treat Malaria • Understanding of the various Control Measures • Reviewing of the Stakeholders’ efforts • Identification of Barriers in fighting Malaria • Conclusion

  5. Targeted Audience/Reason for Targeting Them • Malaria affects children and pregnant women mostly • Malaria infection in pregnancy is a serious public health problem • It has adverse effects on the woman, her fetus, and the newborn child (WHO) • It leads to chronic anemia and placental malaria infection(WHO) • It increases the risk of neonatal death(WHO) • Low awareness on the control of malaria in Africa • Poor socioeconomic status of most of the African families

  6. Malaria Etiology • Malaria causes flu-like symptoms • Spread by female anopheles mosquitoes that bite at night. • Parasites are being injected into the blood and take less than 30minutes to get into the liver • Four different classes of malaria parasites are identified namely: Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale.

  7. Malaria Etiology Cont. • Plasmodium Vivax is universal and common in subtropical regions • Plasmodium Falciparum is the most dangerous and kills. • Plasmodium Malariae and Plasmodium Ovale is the least common and found in Africa (WHO, 2009) • It affects over 40% of the world population • It infects 300-500 million people yearly • It causes almost 1 million deaths yearly worldwide with more than 80% of those in Africa

  8. Malaria Epidemiology • Malaria has an extremely heterogeneous epidemiology and ecology • This was not very clear until recently. • Behavioral issues in humans, settlement, climate and control of vector populations shapes epidemiology of this disease

  9. Malaria Mortality and Morbidity • Roughly 8.8 million children die yearly and malaria accounts for 16% of this death. • Endemicity is a key player.) • Malaria mortality rates have fallen by 42% globally since 2000(WHO)

  10. Significance of Malaria Incidence • Malaria is a life-threatening disease. • In 2012, malaria caused an estimated 627 000 deaths (WHO) • Malaria is preventable and curable(WHO) • Non-immune travelers from malaria-free areas are very vulnerable • Malaria impacts high social and economic cost on homes

  11. Significance of Malaria Incidence Cont. • Poorest nations are mostly affected. • Direct and indirect costs can be attributed to the disease. • The attendance of children in school is also affected

  12. Who is at Risk? • About half of the world's population is at risk • Young children in sub-Saharan Africa • Non-immune pregnant women • Semi-immune pregnant women in areas of high transmission • semi-immune HIV-infected pregnant women • people with HIV/AIDS • Non-immune international travelers from non-endemic areas • immigrants from endemic areas

  13. Diagnosis and treatment • Early diagnosis is key • Malaria treatment reduces the transmission and prevents deaths • Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is the best available treatment till date

  14. Malaria Control • Vector control reduces malaria transmission at the community level. • It is the only intervention that can reduce malaria transmission from very high levels • For individuals, personal protection against mosquito bites represents the first line of defense. • Antimalarial medicines can also be used to prevent malaria • Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) & Indoor spraying with residual insecticides is effective in treating Malaria

  15. Surveillance • Progress in controlling malaria should be tracked. • Of the estimated global number of cases, only 14% could be tracked • More resources need to be committed to this

  16. Elimination • Disrupting Malaria transmission is key to eliminating the disease • improve environmental hygiene around the homes will control the larva stage of mosquitoes • Research on finding a malaria vaccination should be pursued rigorously,

  17. Who are the Stakeholders? • The Federal Ministry of Health • State Ministry of health • World Health Organization (WHO) • United Nations International Children Fund (UNICEF) • Department of Public Health • Local communities, • Public and private sectors, • All tiers of government • Non-Governmental Organizations

  18. Efforts of the stakeholders • Stakeholders mobilizes for actions to eradicate this disease. • Vaccines against malaria-WHO currently evaluating malaria vaccines in 7 African countries • The WHO Global Malaria Programme (GMP) is charting way for malaria elimination • Identification of threats to malaria control • Making approaches to capacity building-Roll back programme • Monitoring global progress

  19. Identify Barriers in fighting Malaria • Mosquito resistance to pyrethroids has emerged in many countries. • There are less primary healthcare providers in the inner city and rural areas • Risk of Financial burden in poor countries

  20. Conclusion • Malaria is dangerous to Women and children • It can be controlled by following basic hygiene rules • All stakeholders have part to play in its control • Sleeping under nets is effective in keeping the disease out

  21. Reference • Snow, R.W., Gouws, E., Omumbo, J., Rapuoda ,B., Craig, M.H., Tanser,F.C., le Sueur, D., Ouma, J .(1998). Models to predict the intensity of Plasmodium falciparum transmission (1998): applications to the burden of disease in Kenya retrieved from: http://www.malariajournal.com/content/9/1/149#B6 • World Health Organization. (2009). Malaria. Retrieved December 23, 2009.Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en • Akachi. Y & Atun .R (2011). Effect of investment in malaria control on child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa in 2002-2008. Retrieved from http://www.aidspan.org/sites/default/files/publications/aidspan-review-re-akachi-and-atun-on-malaria-2011-en.pdf

  22. Reference cont. • Brooker, S., Guyatt, H., Omumbo, J., Shretta, R., Drake, L., & Ouma, J. (2000). Situation analysis of malaria in school-aged children in Kenya - what can be done? 16:183-186. Retrieved from http://www.malariajournal.com/content/9/1/149#B6

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