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Cells and Tissues. Two Types of Cells. Prokaryotic Domains bacteria and archaea No nucleus or membranous organelles Typically small < 10 m Single circular chromosome Eukaryotic Domain eukarya Have a nucleus (sometimes more than 1) Have numerous membranous organelles
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Two Types of Cells • Prokaryotic • Domains bacteria and archaea • No nucleus or membranous organelles • Typically small < 10m • Single circular chromosome • Eukaryotic • Domain eukarya • Have a nucleus (sometimes more than 1) • Have numerous membranous organelles • Larger than 20 m (usually >100 m) • Multiple, linear chromosomes within nucleus
Nucleus Gene Expression DNA transcribed RNA translated Protein • Houses chromosomes - DNA • Transcription – production of RNA from DNA
Chromosome Structure • Each chromatid is a DNA double helix • Aggregate of genes
Chromosome • Chromosomes attach to microtubules to be separated during cell division • Each daughter cell receives 1 chromatid of each chromosome Sister
Cell Membrane • Encloses cell • Regulates entry/exit of materials
Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes – protein synthesis • ER – processing of proteins
Golgi Apparatus • Processing of proteins for secretion
Mitochondrion • Production of ATP • ATP used to activate proteins
Muscle Tissue • 3 major types • Cardiac • Skeletal (striated) • Smooth • Major proteins • Contractile proteins • Actin • Myosin
Muscle Tissue: Skeletal • Multinucleated cells
Muscle Tissue: Cardiac • Striations, but unfused cells
Muscle Tissue: Smooth • Mononucleate • Two layers – circumferential & longitudinal
Connective Tissues • Adipose • Areolar • Cartilage • Bone • Blood • Extracellular matrix • Collagen, elastin • Collagen, hydroxyapatite • Plasma proteins (fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, albumin, HDL/LDL, etc)
Connective Tissue: Blood • RBCs • WBCs
Epithelial Tissue • Tightly connected cells • Line exterior of body • Line interior of cavities • Gut, blood vessels, lymph vessels, glands • Secretion • Sweat • Digestive enzymes • Milk
Neural Tissue • Neurons • Glia