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S enatus P opulus Q ue R omanus

S enatus P opulus Q ue R omanus. From Republic to Empire. Tiberius Gracchus represented interests of Rome ’ s lower class. He served as Tribune. He wanted to limit the amount of land controlled by the Patricians. He was assassinated in 132 B.C.E.

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S enatus P opulus Q ue R omanus

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  1. SenatusPopulusQueRomanus

  2. From Republic to Empire • Tiberius Gracchus represented interests of Rome’s lower class. He served as Tribune. • He wanted to limit the amount of land controlled by the Patricians. • He was assassinated in 132 B.C.E. • His brother Gaius Gracchus continued his brother’s reforms.

  3. Julius Caesar Conquers Gaul

  4. Roman Fort

  5. Roman Empire 117 A.D.

  6. Julius Caesar • 47 BCE: seized power in Rome, by made dictator. A by 44 B.C.E: title dictator for life. • Land reforms & land to the poor. • ↑ Senate to 900 & packed it with supporters of his reforms. • Assassinated by a group of senators in 44 B.C.E. (partly unhappy w/ relationship w/ Cleo & their son) • Caesarion called “King of Kings” when Cleo & her next lover, Marc Antony, celebrated triumph over Armenia

  7. Octavian aka. Augustus Caesar(r. 27 BCE- 14CE) • first Roman Emperor, though its the Principate • Senate titles Augustus (“revered one”). • Battle of Actium 31BCE • Statute and coins promoted

  8. 5 maniples (600) Triarii 10 maniples principes 10 maniples hastati Early Roman Legion 10 maniples velites

  9. The Pax Romana • peace and prosperity which begins with Augustus and continues for 200 years. • Julio-Claudianline which ends with Nero. • After Nero there is a civil war and Vespasian becomes emperor.

  10. At its height, the Roman empire contained portions of three continents (Africa, Europe, and Asia). Keep in mind this area of influence as we look at examples of Roman achievements.

  11. Entertainment & Social Life • Circus Maximuschariot racingcapacity = 250,000 • Public Bathshot pools, warm pools, cold pools Colosseumgladiators, navy battles, and animal fights

  12. Circus Maximus

  13. Engineering • Roads • aided the army • remained long after the fall of Rome • Aqueductsbrought fresh water to cities (some still in use across Europe)

  14. The Pantheon 128 A.D. • Commissioned by Emperor Hadrin • Started in 118 A.D. • It is a clock of sorts. It tells the time by rays of light hitting the sculptures inside.

  15. The floor was made from stone from the four corners of the empire.

  16. Public Baths

  17. Language , Literature, History & Philosophy • Latin • PoetryVirgil’s –Aeneid • History: Studied the rise and fall of Rome • Livy– • Tacitus – • StoicismMarcus Aurelius

  18. Roman Law • Some Main Concepts • “ • Tradition of written law dates back to c.450 BCE with the “Twelve Tables.” • Jurists sought to construct a rational body of law that would apply to all peoples under Roman control

  19. Roman Coinage Elagabalus & Grandmother Hades stealing Persephone

  20. Good & Bad Emperors • Hadrian (117-138 C.E.)- • Marcus Aurelius ( 161-180 C.E.)-

  21. Roman Family Life

  22. Slavery • Slaves made up 1/3 of the Roman population. • Working conditions for slaves in the cities were somewhat better. • Laborers would often be chained together while working in the fields. • Spartacus’uprising in 73 B.C.E. was the largest slave revolt, but not the only one.

  23. The Roman Empire Other Important Roman Emperors: Diocletian-

  24. The Roman Empire Other Important Roman Emperors: Constantine -

  25. The Roman Empire Other Important Roman Emperors: Justinian - his code of laws quickly spread throughout all of Europe

  26. Roman Contributions Law - The Twelve Tables (450 BC) gradually developed into Justinian’s Code of the 6th century AD. It divided law into civil and criminal law. Roman law was just and humane. In principle, all people were equal. The accused were considered to be innocent until proven guilty. Torture was outlawed.

  27. The Fall of the Roman Empire The Eastern half of the empire lasted until 1453 AD when the Turks conquered Constantinople. Rome was conquered by German barbarians in 476 AD.

  28. The Fall of the Roman Empire Reasons: Political: Lack of democracy led to a loss of patriotism The Empire was geographically to big Lack of orderly succession led to civil wars and generals coming to power Economic: Growing gap between the rich and the poor Farmers lost land because of growing debt (Slaves) Increased use of slaves led to a loss of trade and high unemployment

  29. The Fall of the Roman Empire Reasons: Social: Wars, hunger and plague Cultural decline (Sense of drift) Military: Armies were masters of the state and could make and unmake emperors Lack of trust in the Military (Mercenaries)

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