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SMAP Kenya: Improving Smallholder Farmers' Access to Phosphorus Fertilizer

This project aims to assist smallholder farmers in Kenya to enhance their access to phosphorus fertilizer, through a transdisciplinary approach involving farmers, traders, and financial institutions. The project seeks to develop a model of interaction that improves the performance of the entire value chain, ensuring the right fertilizer is offered and sold to farmers, and providing financial options for farmers to obtain necessary loans.

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SMAP Kenya: Improving Smallholder Farmers' Access to Phosphorus Fertilizer

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  1. SMAP Kenya: A transdisciplinary project for improving smallholder farmers‘ access to phosphorus fertilizer Roland W. Scholz (Prof. em. ETH) Fraunhofer Gesellschaft IWKS/MRRS (Material Recycling and Resources Strategies) & Universität Zürich 1st Global TraPs SMAP Workshop Eldoret, Kenya April 6, 2013

  2. The biogeochemical P cycle is going to derail and asks for a transdisciplinary process and global action! 30 Mt 30 Mt mineral P + 10-15 Mt organic P are mobilized to digest 3 Mt phosphorus

  3. What does the project want to do? • Helping the farmer to know how much fertilizer of what type he needs for the „next crops“ (farmer; Ruth Njoroge) on what soil? • Helping the traders to offer and to sell the “right fertilizer“ (trader) • Assisting financial institutions in developing new ways for providing loans for farmers (financial institutions; Olaf Weber) • Developing a model how farmer, traders and financial institutions may well interact to improve performance of the whole value chain (Rhoda Birech)

  4. ❶ What do SMAP Global & TraPs stand for? Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus

  5. ❷ Why P? Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus • P is essential = it can not be substituted by any other element • P is a key nutrient = plant feed (plants such as animals need something to drink and something to eat (they like N – nitrogene, P – phosphorus, and K – potash) • Plants eat from soil (such as humans eat from the table, plate, refrigerator ...) • N is in the air (such as carbon), but not P • ➡ With each ton maize we extract about 1-2 kg P • ➡ The farmer has to take care that the P which is taken away by the harvest from the fields is replenished. • ➡ The farmer has to take care that the plants get enough P to eat!

  6. ❷ Why P? Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus ➡ The farmer has to take care that the plants get enough P to eat! ➡ Use both, organic and chemical fertilizers = integrated fertilization (integrated soil fertility)

  7. ❸ Why Global? Where does mineral P come from? Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus • Many countries do not have P mines. Most ofthe P comesfromfew countries (Moroccohasmorethan half ofthe high ore P oresoftheworld) Phosphate rocks mine in Togo. Photo: Alexandra Pugachevskaya

  8. ❸ Why Global? Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus • Many countries do not havephosphorusmines. Most ofthe P comesfromfew countries (Moroccohasmorethan half ofthe high ore P ores) • Humanshavetripledthenatural (geogene) phosphorusflows, also toomuch P maybecritical

  9. ❸ Why Global? Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus • Many countries do not have P mines. Most ofthe P comesfromfew countries (Moroccohasmorethan half ofthe high ore P ores) • Humanshavetriplethenatural (geogene) phosphorusflows, also toomuch P maybecritical

  10. ❸ Why Global? Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus • Many countries do not have P mines. Most ofthe P comesfromfew countries (Moroccohasmorethan half ofthe high ore P ores) • Humanshavetriplethenatural (geogene) phosphorusflows, also toomuch P maybecritical • People in different countries have different accessto P

  11. ❸ Why Global? Kg NPK/ha • About 2/3 of the national agricultures • use less than 100 kg NPK/ha/yr China Vietnam The World Bank. (2012). Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)

  12. ❸ Why Global? In Kenya 54 kg NPK/ha/yr is used China Vietnam Kg NPK/ha The World Bank. (2012). Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)

  13. ❹ Why transdisciplinary (TD)? Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus • TD denotes a new way how university/science and practice/stakeholders may collaborate • The old way may be denoted as “truth to power” Scientistsknowhowtheworldfunctions: Theyknowthetruth Politicians have power Industry has money

  14. ❹ Why transdisciplinary (TD)? Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus • TD denotes a new way how university/science and practice/stakeholders may collaborate • The old way may be denoted as “truth to power” • The new way is called transdisciplinarity • ➡ For solving complex, societal relevant problems we need both types of knowledge (that from scientists and that from practitioners) • Mutual learning is the issue!

  15. ❹ Why transdisciplinary (TD)? • The new way may look like this:

  16. ❸ Why Global? SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management In Kenya 54 kg NPK/ha/yr is used China Vietnam Kg NPK/ha The World Bank. (2012). Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)

  17. ❺ Why smallholder access to P? Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management Do smallholder farmers have the right knowledge to know how to properly feed the plants? Do farmers have a good access to the right fertilizer? Do traders offer/sell what the farmer needs? Does the farmer have access to money in time for buying fertilizer economically? Are there financial means (such as crop loans, crop insurance) which may be beneficial for traders and farmers? • May weimprovethevaluechain • by a bettertrader-farmer interaction • by a betteraccessto P fertilizer

  18. ❻ What methods and theories may we offer? Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management Value chain and supply chain thinking in the small and in the large

  19. Exploration E Mining M Processing P Use U Dissipation & Recycling D & R Poducefertilizer P Sell Fertlizer P-U Applyfertlizer U Sell thecrops U Eatthecrops U The SMAP Project focusses the „purchase/trade“ and „use of fertilizers“

  20. ❻ What methods and theories may we offer? Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management • Value chain, supply chain, supply-demand chain thinking in the small and in the large • Making smart decisions both on the side of the smallholder farmer(s) and the traders • Reflect on what „components“ • Think in combinations of profiles (action scenarios, action plans) • ➡ Use Formative Scenario Analysis (FSA) Giving form “We“ form our action plan

  21. ❻ What methods and theories may we offer? A simple Formative ‘Action Scenario‘ Analysis, “the farmer „defines the action components“ If we have 12‘ components‘, there are 4096 action scenarios.

  22. ❻ What methods and theories may we offer? A simple Action Scenario for traders

  23. ❻ What methods and theories may we offer? • We suggest to construct an action plan/scenario for the farmers and for traders. We call this method FASA (Formative Action Scenario/plan Analysis for farmers and for traders) • Let us denote these scenarios Si (farmer) and Sj (trader). Then we do a Coupled Action Scenario Analysis (CASA, Si↔Sj )

  24. ❼ What role does SMAP play in the Global TraPs project? Global TraPs: Global Transdisciplinary Processes for Sustainable Phosphorus management SMAP: Smallholder Access to Phosphorus The Guiding question of Global Traps “What new knowledge, technologies and policy options are needed to ensure that future phosphorus use is sustainable, improves food security and environmental quality and provides benefits for the poor?” (http://www.globaltraps.ch/). • Wedevelopedcriticalquestions • Overuseandunderuseof P hasbeenoneissue (Kenya, Vietnam, West-Africa • About 10 casestudies in total • Palm oilplantages (Malysia) • P in detergentsandeutrophication (Manila) • Transparencyof US-Geological Survey data • ...

  25. The Global TraPs project has three levels of organization • Umbrella project • Nodes • Case Studies Roland W. Scholz

  26. ❽ How does the project design looks like

  27. May Eldoret farmers, trades, financiers build partnership for a better phosphorus-fertilizer use “for improving the value chain“?

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