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"Ypres, Christmas, 1917" by Gilbert Holliday

Explore the causes and events of the First World War, including the stalemate on the Western Front, the impact on Canada, trench warfare, and the changing face of war. Learn about key battles such as Ypres, Verdun, and Vimy Ridge. Discover the sacrifices made on the home front and the legacy of the war.

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"Ypres, Christmas, 1917" by Gilbert Holliday

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  1. "Ypres, Christmas, 1917" by Gilbert Holliday

  2. The War to End All Wars 1914 - 1918

  3. I. Causes of the First World War • A. Imperialism • Extending a country’s sphere of influence • European countries often in conflict over colonies • Raw resource to mother country, industrial goods to colony

  4. ‘The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire’

  5. European Empires -Great Britain: #1 -France: Germany’s principal European rival -Russia: Pan-Slavism, warm water port in Balkans -Austria-Hungary: dominate Balkans -Germany: expand empire, Berlin to Baghdad RR -Ottoman Empire: (Turks), ‘power abhors a vacuum’

  6. B. Militarism • Military interests dominate government policy of strong armed forces • Britain had Two-Power Standard -Germany’s naval build up led to Arms Race

  7. C. Nationalism • Two Kinds • ‘nation-statism’-->extreme love of country • ‘ethnic’-->desire by an ethnic group for its own country • See Balkans • Black Hand (Serbians)

  8. Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Germany Austria-Hungary Italy (Ottoman Empire) Triple Entente (Allied Powers) France Russia England D. Alliances Chain Reaction Italy joins Triple Entente 23/05/15;. USA joins Triple Entente 06/04/17; 1915 Lusitania torpedoed.

  9. II. Canada Goes To War • August 4, 1914, Britain declared war on Germany. Canada, as a member of the British Empire, was automatically at war • population of less than 8 million. • pre-war force of 3,110 regular and 74,213 part-time militia members to 619,636 service people (CEF), including more than 3,000 nursing sisters.

  10. III. War in Europe

  11. A. Stalemate • Schlieffen Plan fails • Results in stalemate and Western Front

  12. B. TrenchWarfare • ‘no man’s land’ • ‘going over the top’ • front, reserve trenches • shell-shock

  13. New Types of Fighting Battles of Attrition Total War population, industrialization, food and resources Technology Tanks Poison Gas Machine Guns Submarines Airplanes C. The Changing Face of War

  14. WWI Technology

  15. D. Land Battles of the Western Front • Ypres, April 1915; poison gas • Verdun, February 1916 • Somme, July 1916; tanks • Vimy Ridge, April 1917 • Paschendaele, October 1917 • The Hundred Days; last, and bloodiest, 6 weeks of the war

  16. Vimy Ridge

  17. VimyRidge - April 1917 • 150 000 French and British already dead • Major turning point of war • Symbol of Canada’s Nationhood & Independence • Did what British and French could not • all four Canadian Corps divisions together for the first time • After Vimy, CDN General Currie replaces British General Byng

  18. Passchendale, October 1917 • Currie overruled and told Canadians must take Passchendale • Won, but only one in five survived • 16 000 died needlessly • Do you still want to be a part of the British Empire?

  19. IV. The War at Home • A. Sacrifice • Food rations, community fund raising • Halifax explosion • Mont Blanc stuck by Imo; thousands of casualties • Enemy Aliens (500 000 people) • Germans, Austrians, Hungarians • Internment Camps

  20. IV. War at Home (cont’d) • B. Role of Government • War Measures Act (restricts civil liberties) • Victory Bonds;‘Temporary’ Income Tax

  21. IV. War at Home (cont’d) • C. Conscription • By 1917 volunteers not keeping up to casualties • Divided the country • French vs. English • Pacifists/Conscientious Objectors seen as slackers • 1917 election issue; Borden defeats Laurier, but Liberals win 57% of popular vote

  22. IV. War at Home (cont’d) • D. New Roles for Women • Hundreds overseas as nurses or ambulance drivers • Working in factories/outside the home • Suffragists’ movement • 1917 Wartime Elections Act granted federal vote to mothers, sisters, wives of soldiers (think conscription); all women over 21 at end of war • Many minority groups still can not vote

  23. V. Legacy of War • International • 10 million dead, 20 plus million wounded • Paris Peace Conference - Treaty of Versailles • Germany to make reparations; found guilty of war • Germany forced to surrender colonies to League of Nations • German army limited to 100 000 men • Right of small nations to Self Determination

  24. V. Legacy of War (cont’d) • Canada (all grown up?) • Separate seat at Paris Peace Conference and eventually a separate seat at League of Nations • Women’s rights • CDN troop’s gain world recognition (eg.Vimy) • Population and economy grows • Conscription deepens French/English divide • 60 000 KIA, 178 000 wounded

  25. In Flanders Fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved, and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch, be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields In Flanders Field by John McCrae

  26. Influenza pandemic -began in 1918 -estimated 25 million people dead within 18 months

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