CASE  FAIR  OSTER

1. PRINCIPLES OF MACROECONOMICS E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N CASE  FAIR  OSTER PEARSON Prepared by: Fernando Quijano w/Shelly Tefft

3. C H A P T E R O U T L I N E 6 Measuring National Output and National Income Gross Domestic Product Final Goods and Services Exclusion of Used Goods and Paper Transactions Exclusion of Output Produced Abroad by Domestically Owned Factors of Production Calculating GDP The Expenditure Approach The Income Approach Nominal versus Real GDP Calculating Real GDP Calculating the GDP Deflator The Problems of Fixed Weights Limitations of the GDP Concept GDP and Social Welfare The Informal Economy Gross National Income per Capita Looking Ahead

4. national income and product accounts Data collected and published by the government describing the various components of national income and output in the economy. While there are literally thousands of variables in the national income and product accounts, in this chapter we discuss only the most important.

5. Gross Domestic Product gross domestic product (GDP)The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period by factors of production located within a country. GDP is the total market value of a country’s output. It is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period of time by factors of production located within a country. Final Goods and Services final goods and servicesGoods and services produced for final use. intermediate goodsGoods that are produced by one firm for use in further processing by another firm. value addedThe difference between the value of goods as they leave a stage of production and the cost of the goods as they entered that stage.

6. To arrive at GDP, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) counts: a. The value of total sales, including sales to suppliers and sales to consumers. b. The value of final sales. c. The value of intermediate goods and final goods. d. Value added plus the value of sales at the retail level. e. Any of the above.

7. To arrive at GDP, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) counts: a. The value of total sales, including sales to suppliers and sales to consumers. b. The value of final sales. c. The value of intermediate goods and final goods. d. Value added plus the value of sales at the retail level. e. Any of the above.

8. In calculating GDP, we can sum up the value added at each stage of production or we can take the value of final sales. We do not use the value of total sales in an economy to measure how much output has been produced.

9. Exclusion of Used Goods and Paper Transactions GDP is concerned only with new, or current, production. Old output is not counted in current GDP because it was already counted when it was produced. GDP does not count transactions in which money or goods changes hands but in which no new goods and services are produced. Exclusion of Output Produced Abroad by Domestically Owned Factors of Production GDP is the value of output produced by factors of production located within a country. gross national product (GNP) The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period by factors of production owned by a country’s citizens, regardless of where the output is produced.

10. Which of the following is counted in GDP? a. The output produced by U.S. citizens abroad. b. The profits earned abroad by U.S. companies. c. The output produced by foreigners working in U.S. companies abroad. d. The profits earned in the Unites States by foreign-owned companies.

11. Which of the following is counted in GDP? a. The output produced by U.S. citizens abroad. b. The profits earned abroad by U.S. companies. c. The output produced by foreigners working in U.S. companies abroad. d. The profits earned in the Unites States by foreign-owned companies.

12. Calculating GDP expenditure approachA method of computing GDP that measures the total amount spent on all final goods and services during a given period. income approachA method of computing GDP that measures the income—wages, rents, interest, and profits—received by all factors of production in producing final goods and services.

13. The Expenditure Approach • There are four main categories of expenditure: • Personal consumption expenditures (C): household spending on consumer goods • Gross private domestic investment (I): spending by firms and households on new capital, that is, plant, equipment, inventory, and new residential structures • Government consumption and gross investment (G) • Net exports (EX − IM): net spending by the rest of the world, or exports (EX) minus imports (IM) GDP = C + I + G + (EX−IM)

15. For the year 2012, the percentages of C, I, G, and (EX−IM) in U.S. aggregate expenditure were roughly as follows: a. 71%, 13%, 20%, and −4%. b. 42%, 18%, 25%, and 15%. c. 37%, 69%, 7%, and −13% d. 32%, 27%, 41%, and 0%.

16. For the year 2012, the percentages of C, I, G, and (EX−IM) in U.S. aggregate expenditure were roughly as follows: a. 71%, 13%, 20%, and −4%. b. 42%, 18%, 25%, and 15%. c. 37%, 69%, 7%, and −13% d. 32%, 27%, 41%, and 0%.

17. Personal Consumption Expenditures (C) personal consumption expenditures (C)Expenditures by consumers on goods and services. durable goodsGoods that last a relatively long time, such as cars and household appliances. nondurable goodsGoods that are used up fairly quickly, such as food and clothing. servicesThe things we buy that do not involve the production of physical things, such as legal and medical services and education.

18. The largest component of Personal Consumption Expenditures (C) is: a. Durable goods. b. Nondurable goods. c. Services. d. Residential Investment. e. Imports.

19. The largest component of Personal Consumption Expenditures (C) is: a. Durable goods. b. Nondurable goods. c. Services. d. Residential Investment. e. Imports.

20. E C O N O M I C S I N P R A C T I C E Where Does eBay Get Counted? eBay’s business is to provide a marketplace for exchange. In doing so, it uses labor and capital and creates value. In return for creating this value, eBay charges fees to the sellers that use its site. The value of these fees enter into GDP. Items that people sell on eBay do not contribute to current GDP. The cost of finding an interested buyer for those goods, however, does get counted. • THINKING PRACTICALLY • John has a 2009 Honda Civic. In 2013, he sells it to Mary for $10,000. • Is that $10,000 counted in the GDP for 2013? • 2. If John is an automobile dealer, does that change your answer to Question 1 at all?

21. Gross Private Domestic Investment (I) gross private domestic investment (I)Total investment in capital—that is, the purchase of new housing, plants, equipment, and inventory by the private (or nongovernment) sector. nonresidential investmentExpenditures by firms for machines, tools, plants, and so on. residential investmentExpenditures by households and firms on new houses and apartment buildings. change in business inventoriesThe amount by which firms’ inventories change during a period. Inventories are the goods that firms produce now but intend to sell later. Change in Business Inventories GDP = Final sales + Change in business inventories

22. Gross Investment versus Net Investment depreciationThe amount by which an asset’s value falls in a given period. gross investmentThe total value of all newly produced capital goods (plant, equipment, housing, and inventory) produced in a given period. net investmentGross investment minus depreciation. capitalendof period = capitalbeginningof period + net investment

23. Government Consumption and Gross Investment (G) government consumption and gross investment (G)Expenditures by federal, state, and local governments for final goods and services. Net Exports (EX − IM) net exports (EX− IM)The difference between exports (sales to foreigners of U.S.-produced goods and services) and imports (U.S. purchases of goods and services from abroad). The figure can be positive or negative.

24. Which of the following statements about exports and imports is correct? a. Exports must be subtracted out of GDP to obtain the correct figure. b. Imports must be subtracted out of GDP to obtain the correct figure. c. The difference between exports and imports is negative when the country is a net exporter. d. Before 1976, the United States was generally a net importer. Only after 1976, exports began to exceed imports.

25. Which of the following statements about exports and imports is correct? a. Exports must be subtracted out of GDP to obtain the correct figure. b. Imports must be subtracted out of GDP to obtain the correct figure. c. The difference between exports and imports is negative when the country is a net exporter. d. Before 1976, the United States was generally a net importer. Only after 1976, exports began to exceed imports.

26. The Income Approach national incomeThe total income earned by the factors of production owned by a country’s citizens. compensation of employeesIncludes wages, salaries, and various supplements—employer contributions to social insurance and pension funds, for example—paid to households by firms and by the government. proprietors’ incomeThe income of unincorporated businesses. rental incomeThe income received by property owners in the form of rent. corporate profitsThe income of corporations. net interestThe interest paid by business.

27. indirect taxes minus subsidiesTaxes such as sales taxes, customs duties, and license fees less subsidies that the government pays for which it receives no goods or services in return. net business transfer paymentsNet transfer payments by businesses to others. surplus of government enterprisesIncome of government enterprises.

28. Which of the following statements is/are correct about the components of GDP using the income approach? a. Compensation of employees is the largest item in national income. b. Proprietor’s income refers to the profits earned by corporations. c. Net interest refers to interest paid by households, business firms, and the government. d. Rental income is a major component of national income.

29. Which of the following statements is/are correct about the components of GDP using the income approach? a. Compensation of employees is the largest item in national income. b. Proprietor’s income refers to the profits earned by corporations. c. Net interest refers to interest paid by households, business firms, and the government. d. Rental income is a major component of national income.

30. net national product (NNP)Gross national product minus depreciation; a nation’s total product minus what is required to maintain the value of its capital stock. statistical discrepancyData measurement error. personal incomeThe total income of households.

31. The difference between gross national product (GNP) and net national product (NNP) is: a. Net exports. b. The surplus of government enterprises. c. Net interest. d. Depreciation.

32. The difference between gross national product (GNP) and net national product (NNP) is: a. Net exports. b. The surplus of government enterprises. c. Net interest. d. Depreciation.

33. disposable personal income or after-tax incomePersonal income minus personal income taxes. The amount that households have to spend or save. personal savingThe amount of disposable income that is left after total personal spending in a given period. personal saving rateThe percentage of disposable personal income that is saved. If the personal saving rate is low, households are spending a large amount relative to their incomes; if it is high, households are spending cautiously.

35. E C O N O M I C S I N P R A C T I C E GDP: One of the Great Inventions of the 20th Century GDP! The right concept of economy-wide output, accurately measured. The U.S. and the world rely on it to tell where we are in the business cycle and to estimate long-run growth. It is the centerpiece of an elaborate and indispensable system of social accounting, the national income and product accounts. This is surely the single most innovative achievement of the Commerce Department in the 20th century. James Tobin • THINKING PRACTICALLY • The article above emphasizes the importance of being able to measure an economy’s output to improve government policy. • Looking at recent news, can you identify one economic policy debate or action that referenced GDP?

36. Nominal versus Real GDP current dollarsThe current prices that we pay for goods and services. nominal GDPGross domestic product measured in current dollars. weightThe importance attached to an item within a group of items.

37. Calculating Real GDP base yearThe year chosen for the weights in a fixed-weight procedure. fixed-weight procedure A procedure that uses weights from a given base year.

38. The difference between nominal GDP and real GDP comes from: a. Changes in the level of income. b. Changes in purchasing power of the dollar caused by changes in the exchanger rate. c. Changes in prices. d. Differences in the value of GDP depending on whether the income approach or the expenditure approach is chosen to compute GDP.

39. The difference between nominal GDP and real GDP comes from: a. Changes in the level of income. b. Changes in purchasing power of the dollar caused by changes in the exchanger rate. c. Changes in prices. d. Differences in the value of GDP depending on whether the income approach or the expenditure approach is chosen to compute GDP.

40. Calculating the GDP Deflator Policy makers not only need good measures of how real output is changing but also good measures of how the overall price level is changing. The GDP deflator is one measure of the overall price level. The Problems of Fixed Weights Many structural changes took place in the U.S. economy between the 1950s and 1987. The use of fixed-price weights does not account for the responses in the economy to supply shifts. The fixed-weight procedure ignores the substitution away from goods whose prices are increasing and toward goods whose prices are decreasing or increasing less rapidly.

41. Limitations of the GDP Concept GDP and Social Welfare If crime levels went down, society would be better off, but a decrease in crime is not an increase in output and is not reflected in GDP. An increase in leisure is also an increase in social welfare, sometimes associated with a decrease in GDP. Most nonmarket and domestic activities, such as housework and child care, are not counted in GDP even though they amount to real production. GDP also has nothing to say about the distribution of output among individuals in a society.

42. E C O N O M I C S I N P R A C T I C E Green Accounting Recently many economists and policy makers have become concerned about the exclusion of one particularly large and important nonmarket activity from the national income accounts: the environment. The market goods that many industries produce go into the national income and product accounts, but the environmental costs of air pollution are not subtracted. Recent work by Nick Muller, Robert Mendelsohn, and Bill Nordhaus estimates that including properly valued air pollution in the national income and product accounts as an offset to the value of the marketed goods produced by some industries would make their contribution to our nation’s GDP negative! • THINKING PRACTICALLY • Why do you think we have not counted pollution in GDP measures in the past?

43. The Informal Economy informal economyThe part of the economy in which transactions take place and in which income is generated that is unreported and therefore not counted in GDP. Gross National Income per Capita gross national income (GNI)GNP converted into dollars using an average of currency exchange rates over several years adjusted for rates of inflation.

44. Legalizing all forms of illegal activities would: a. Reduce both the informal economy and GDP. b. Increase both the informal economy and GDP. c. Increase the informal economy but reduce the value of GDP. d. Reduce the informal economy and increase the value of GDP.

45. Legalizing all forms of illegal activities would: a. Reduce both the informal economy and GDP. b. Increase both the informal economy and GDP. c. Increase the informal economy but reduce the value of GDP. d. Reduce the informal economy and increase the value of GDP.

46.  FIGURE 6.1Per Capita Gross National Income for Selected Countries, 2011

47. Looking Ahead This chapter has introduced many key variables in which macroeconomists are interested, including GDP and its components. There is much more to be learned about the data that macroeconomists use. In the next chapter, we will discuss the data on employment, unemployment, and the labor force. In later chapters, we will discuss the data on money and interest rates. Finally, we will discuss in more detail the data on the relationship between the United States and the rest of the world.

48. R E V I E W T E R M S A N D C O N C E P T S base year change in business inventories compensation of employees corporate profits current dollars depreciation disposable personal income, or after-tax income durable goods expenditure approach final goods and services fixed-weight procedure government consumption and gross investment (G) gross domestic product (GDP) gross investment gross national income (GNI) gross national product (GNP) gross private domestic investment (I) income approach indirect taxes minus subsidies informal economy intermediate goods national income national income and product accounts net business transfer payments

49. R E V I E W T E R M S A N D C O N C E P T S net exports (EX−IM) net interest net investment net national product (NNP) nominal GDP nondurable goods nonresidential investment personal consumption expenditures (C) personal income personal saving personal saving rate proprietors’ income rental income residential investment services statistical discrepancy surplus of government enterprises value added weight Expenditure approach to GDP: GDP = C + I + G + (EX−IM) GDP = Final sales + Change in business inventories capitalend of period = capitalbeginning of period + net investment