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Do Now: Organize these shoes

Learn about the importance of biological classification and how organisms are categorized into different groups based on shared physical characteristics. Explore the seven levels of classification and the use of binomial nomenclature in naming species.

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Do Now: Organize these shoes

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  1. Do Now: Organize these shoes

  2. Aim: How are living things classified? Classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy

  3. I. How classification began A.) Organizing items can help you: a.) understand them better b.) find them ex.) CD or DVD collection, Sneakers and clothing in your closet

  4. B.) Biologists want a better understanding of organisms to organize them.

  5. The National Science Foundation’s “Tree of Life” project estimates that there could be anywhere from 5 million to 100 million species on the planet, but science has only identified about 2 million.

  6. Think about an elephant.  Develop a mental image of it.  How would you describe it to someone who has never seen one?  Take a moment to consider carefully . . . Not surprisingly, biologists also classify organisms into different categories mostly by judging degrees of apparent similarity and difference that they can see.  The assumption is that the greater the degree of physical similarity, the closer the biological relationship.

  7. Modern biological classification is based on the work of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics

  8. Characteristics Used for Classifiction 1. ANATOMY Similarities in structure 2. BIOCHEMISTRY Similarities in chemical and genetic makeup (similar proteins, similar DNA)

  9. 3. EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Similarities in the stages of development of embryos

  10. So why is Classification so important?

  11. 7 Levels of Classification Linnaeus’s system of classification http://www.bionet-intl.org/opencms/opencms/caseStudies/default.jsp http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm

  12. Classification • Linnaeus system contains levels. • It’s a hierarchical system meaning they arraigned from largest or the most general to the smallest or most specific.

  13. Using Linnaeus's Idea of a hierarchical system • Arrange these categories from the largest and most general to smallest and most specific: • United states • New York State • North America • Nassau County • 230 Poppy Ave. • Franklin Square • Planet Earth

  14. Answer: Planet Earth North America United states New York State Nassau County Franklin Square 230 Poppy Ave.

  15. The 7 levels of Classification • Kingdom = King • Phylum = Phillip • Class = Came • Order = Over • Family = From • Genus = Germany • Species = Skipping Each of these levels is called a taxa.

  16. Seven Levels of Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

  17. Largest groups Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Smallest groups and most closely related to each other

  18. Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Stools

  19. King Philip Came Over From Germany Skipping

  20. Naming organisms Before Linnaeus developed his naming system, plants and animals were named by a series of Latin words that described the physical appearance of the organism. This was very confusing. For example, let’s look at the first name of the honey bee. Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatus. This means “fuzzy bee, light gray middle, brown body, smooth hind legs that have a small bag edged with tiny hairs.” Linnaeus named it Apis mellifera which means “honey-bearing bee.”

  21. Binomial nomenclature is the formal system of naming specific species each species name is in Latin and has two parts Genus & Species Examples: Homo sapiens

  22. Binomial nomenclaturecontinued… Two-word naming system genusspecific epithet Group of Describes similar characteristic of species species

  23. Examples Genusspecific epithet Homosapiens = humans * Homo means “Same” homology * Sapiens means “wise”

  24. Canis lupus Procyon lotor Drosophila melanogaster http://www.curioustaxonomy.net/puns/puns.html

  25. Kingdom • Is the largest and most abundant catergory • There are five (5) kingdoms : 1. Plantae (Plants) 2. Animalia (Animals) 3. Fungi 4. Protista (Protists) 5. Monera

  26. Phylum • Includes many different organisms that share important characteristics • Division of a Kingdom

  27. Class • Division of phylum

  28. Order • Division of a Class

  29. Family • Division of a order

  30. Genus: division of a family

  31. Species: Most specific and is a division of genusThese organisms can interbreed (reproduce)

  32. Summary • 1. Which is th e

  33. Do you recall: • When Linnaeus developed his system of classification, there were only two kingdoms, Plants and Animals.

  34. But the use of the microscope led to the discovery of new organisms and the identification of differences in cells. A two-kingdom system was no longer useful.

  35. Today the system of classification includes Five kingdoms. • Five Kingdoms: • Plants • Animals • Protists • Fungi • Monera

  36. How are organism placed into their kingdoms? • Cell type, complex or simple (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) • Their ability to make food (nutrition) • The number of cells in their body (multi cellular of unicellular)

  37. Plant Kingdom • Examples : flowering plant mosses, and ferns. • Cell Type: Eukaryotes • They are Producers so they make their own food (Autotrophic nutrition) • They are all multicellular

  38. More about Plant kingdom • over 250,000 species • Is the second largest kingdom • Plant species range from the tiny green mosses to giant trees

  39. Without plants, life on Earth would not exist! • Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms that eat other organisms) on Earth. WOW!

  40. Animal Kingdom • Contain : is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species. • Cell Type: Eukaryotes • They rely on other organisms for their food (heterotrophs) • They are all multicellular

  41. More about Animal kingdom • Members of the animal kingdom are found in the most diverse environments in the world.

  42. ProtistaKingdom • Contain : Slime molds and algae • Cell Type: Eukaryotes • Some rely on other organisms for their food (heterotrophs) and some make their own food (autotrophs) • Most are unicellular and multicellular

  43. More about Protists • Sometimes called the odds and ends kingdom because its members are so different from one another. Approx 250,000 species • include all microscopic organisms that are not bacteria, notanimals, not plants and not fungi.

  44. Fungi Kingdom • Contain : Mushrooms, mold and mildew • Cell Type: Eukaryotes • fungi cannot make their own food, most get it from decaying soil.(heterotrophs) • They are all multicellular

  45. More about Fungi • Some fungi taste great and others can kill you! • Only about 200,000 species of fungi have been described of the estimated 1-1.5 million species

  46. Monera Kingdom • Contain : True bacteria and blue-green algae. • Cell Type: Prokaryotic • Heterotrophs and Autotrophs • They are all Unicellular

  47. More about Monera • 10,000 species • grow practically everywhere, including your mouth and digestive tract, the root nodules of legumes and the sun-baked boulders of arid deserts

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