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Advances in Geosynchronous Observations of the Earth and Atmosphere

Advances in Geosynchronous Observations of the Earth and Atmosphere. Paul Menzel NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research With considerable help from colleagues at Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) Madison, WI Early days of ATS and SMS

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Advances in Geosynchronous Observations of the Earth and Atmosphere

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  1. Advances in Geosynchronous Observations of the Earth and Atmosphere Paul Menzel NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research With considerable help from colleagues at Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) Madison, WI Early days of ATS and SMS Multispectral with VAS An Operational Sounder Planning GOES-R 40 years in Geostationary Orbit May 2006 UW-Madison

  2. Early images of clouds from the polar orbiting TIROS in 1960

  3. Introduction of Geostationary Satellites On 6 December 1966 the Applications Technology Satellite (ATS-1) was launched. ATS-1's spin scan cloud camera (Suomi and Parent 1968) provided full disk visible images of the earth and its cloud cover every 20 minutes. The spin scan camera on ATS-1 occurred because of an extraordinary effort by Verner Suomi and Homer Newell, when the satellite was already well into its fabrication.

  4. 11 Dec 66 “the clouds moved - not the satellite”Verner Suomi

  5. 15 Mar 67 ATS-1 picture showing plumes and streamers drifting eastward from a couple of large convective cloud systems Ted Fujita

  6. ATS-1 in Dec 1966 was soon followed by a color version, ATS-3 in Nov 1967 ATS-3 ATS-1 (B/W) ATS-3 (color)

  7. Suomi, Parent, and Fujita create first color movie of planet Earth with ATS-III pictures

  8. 18 November 1967 Phillips, SSEC Library, 2005

  9. The success of ATS led to NASA's Synchronous • Meteorological Satellite (SMS) in 1974, • an operational prototype dedicated to meteorology. • SMS-1&2 and subsequent NOAA GOES provided: • Multi-spectral imagery at 1 km spatial resolution in the visible and 7 km in the infrared window channel; • Weather Facsimile (WEFAX) providing low resolution GOES images and conventional weather maps to users with low cost receiving stations; • Data Collection System (DCS) relaying data from remote platforms to a central processing facility.

  10. In 1977, the European Space Agency (ESA) launched Meteosat providing 2.5 km visible imagery and 5 km infrared window and water vapor imager. The water vapor imagery changed how we view the earth. Three GOES and one Meteosat were used in the 1979 First Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) Experiment to define atmospheric circulations.

  11. Meteosat Water Vapor Image from 1978

  12. By 1980, the GOES evolved to the Visible Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) expanding the multispectral measurement capability to atmospheric temperature and moisture sounding (Smith et al. 1981).

  13. GOES VAS12 Infrared Channels (1 Visible Channel)Filter Wheel Radiometer Transparent Operation of VAS Venetian blinding (1/3 time share with operational imager) Sounding demonstration, not operational (cancelled in RISOP) Noisy (spin budget reduced for CONUS coverage)

  14. Nowcasting with VAS Hourly Total-Totals Index (degree Centigrade) on 20 July 1981 showed locations of subsequent severe convective storms. Thunderstorms (TRW) which were observed between 20 and 23 GMT are also shown. Smith et al

  15. In April 1994, the GOES was launched on a three axis stable platform (enabling better signal to noise in the measurements) and expanded to separate imaging and sounding instruments (allowing operational soundings for the first time).

  16. GOES-8/12

  17. First visible image from GOES-8

  18. Images of hurricanes help with intensity and track forecasts Wade, ORA & CIMSS

  19. Cloud drift winds possible ten years ago

  20. High Density Winds associated with Hurricane Bonnie Velden, CIMSS

  21. IR window cloud temps used to estimate rainfall amounts: example from Hurricane Mitch where 2 ft fell in one day Scofield, ORA

  22. GOES provides accurate SST estimates with good coverage Wu, ORA

  23. Diurnal changes of 2 to 3 C seen in GOES SST measurements

  24. Multispectral Detection of Volcanic Ash with GOES-8 Ellrod, ORA

  25. Fires and smoke detected in GOES-8 imagery on 9 May 1998 at 15:45 UTC Fire detection product (bottom) and visible imagery showing smoke (right) Prins, CIMSS

  26. GOES-12 Sounder – Brightness Temperature (Radiances) – 12 bands

  27. Resulting hail from 13 April 2006 in Madison, WI

  28. Hole in Menzel gutter caused by hail on 13 Apr 06

  29. Hourly LI indicates instability 5 hours before OK tornado 3 May 99 View from space 1800 UTC View from ground 530 CDT (2330 UTC) 2300 UTC

  30. GOES axis of high LI indicates subsequent storm track 24 Jul 2000

  31. Atmospheric Instability NWS Forecaster responses (Summer of 1999) to: "Rate the usefulness of LI, CAPE & CINH (changes in time/axes/gradients in the hourly product) for location/timing of thunderstorms." There were 248 valid weather cases. - Significant Positive Impact (30%) - Slight Positive Impact (49%) - No Discernible Impact (19%) - Slight Negative Impact (2%) - Significant Negative Impact (0) Figure from the National Weather Service, Office of Services

  32. GOES sounders provide regional coverage every hour Raob coverage 2x/day * all weather temperature and moisture profiles * wind profiles along ascent path Hourly coverage from two GOES-Sounders * radiances 4 to 15 um * clear sky temperature and moisture profiles * cloud amount and height * motion from moisture and cloud features

  33. GOES Sounder derived T(p) & Q(p) in 3-4 km layers co-located GOES & balloon temperature & moisture soundings: GOES (black) smoothes the atmospheric profile compared to radiosonde (red)

  34. Oct 2001 forecast impact (%) for T, u, v, RH fields after 24-hrs of Eta model integration

  35. May 9, 1994 GOES-8 Nine Years Operational Service April 1, 2003

  36. In 2002, EUMETSATlaunched SEVIRIwith 12 Channels

  37. MSG sees volcanic ash and SO2 and ash inhibiting downwind convection Kerkmann, EUMETSAT

  38. Evolution to GOES-RAdvanced Baseline Imager Hyperspectral Environmental SounderLightning MapperCoastal Water ImagerSpace Environment Sensors • Multispectral full disk imaging at 0.5 to 2 km every 10 minutes for clouds, aerosols, atmospheric motion • High spectral resolution (~0.5 cm-1) resolution for temperature and moisture soundings with greatly improved vertical resolution and boundary layer penetration. • Coastal Waters Imaging with more frequent views of U.S. coastal ocean resolving rapid changes due to tides and coastal currents • Lightning Mapper tracking discharge in clouds and enhancing sever wx characterization • Space Sensors measuring solar input

  39. “0.47m” “0.64m” “0.86m” “1.38m” “1.61m” “2.26m” “3.9m” “6.19m” “6.95m” “7.34m” “8.5m” “9.61m” “10.35m” “11.2m” “12.3m” “13.3m” Spectral bands on the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI)

  40. “0.47m” “0.64m” “0.86m” “1.38m” “1.61m” “2.26m” “3.9m” “6.19m” “6.95m” “7.34m” “8.5m” “9.61m” “10.35m” “11.2m” “12.3m” “13.3m” Bands on the GOES-12 Imager

  41. “0.47m” “0.64m” “0.86m” “1.38m” “1.61m” “2.26m” “3.9m” “6.19m” “6.95m” “7.34m” “8.5m” “9.61m” “10.35m” “11.2m” “12.3m” “13.3m” Applications of the spectral bands on the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) Heritage Aerosols Vegetation Cirrus Clouds Upper-level H2O winds Particle size Fires Snow Upper-level SO2 Mid-level H2O winds Total Ozone Cloud phase Low-level Moisture Surface features Cloud height Heritage

  42. Evolution to GOES-RAdvanced Baseline Imager Hyperspectral Environmental SounderLightning MapperCoastal Water ImagerSpace Environment Sensors • Multispectral full disk imaging at 0.5 to 2 km every 10 minutes for clouds, aerosols, atmospheric motion • High spectral resolution (~0.5 cm-1) resolution for temperature and moisture soundings with greatly improved vertical resolution and boundary layer penetration. • Coastal Waters Imaging with more frequent views of U.S. coastal ocean resolving rapid changes due to tides and coastal currents • Lightning Mapper tracking discharge in clouds and enhancing sever wx characterization • Space Sensors measuring solar output

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