As.-prof. Volodymyr D. Voloshyn

1. Violation of blood circulation:hyperaemia, anaemia, stasis, bleeding, thromboses, embolisms, infarcts As.-prof. Volodymyr D. Voloshyn (According to prof. Yaroslav Ya. Bodnar et al., V. Serov et al.)

2. A pathological process is the appropriate reaction of organism as a reply to a damage factor. Alteration (from a lat. alteratio is change) or damage – there are the changes of cells structure, intercellular matter, tissues and organs which are expressed in violation of their function. .dystrophy >>>>> necrosi

3. Violation of blood circulation causes the damage of structures of cells and tissues, that is expressed in the change of tissue and cellular metabolism, and in development of different types of dystrophy up to necrosis. They can develop, both in separate and in all organs and to stipulate the decline of their function. Above all things these disorders are inherent by all disease of the cardiac-vessels system. Knowledge about these gives us the possibility right to estimate the dynamics of motion and foresee the consequences of illnesses.

4. Violation of blood circulation Hyperaemia Thromboses Anaemia Embolisms Infarcts Bleeding Stasis Plasmorrhagy

5. Arterial hyperaemia is an intensive increased fill up by blood of organ or tissues through the surplus wave of arterial blood

6. ARTERIAL HYPERAEMIA Acute Physiological Chronic Pathological TOTAL LOCAL Angioneurotic Plethora Collateral Postanaemia Erytremia Vacate Inflammatic At arterio-venous canales

8. Venous hyperaemia is increase of blood supplying of organ or tissue through the deceleration (затрудненням) of outflow of blood, influxes of blood here not changed or diminished.

9. General venous hyperaemia arises up at pathology of heart, which conduces to insufficiency of cardiac activity

10. At acute cardiac insufficiency (infarct of myocardium, acute decompensation of heart). There are the results of hypoxy and increase of capillary permeability lead to the plasmatic impregnation (plasmorrhage), swollen, spot diapedetic hemorrhages, dystrophic and necrotizing changes in the parenchimatic elements, for example, in lungs at the infarct of the left ventricle of heart.

11. Acute venous hyperaemia

13. At chronic cardiac (cardiac-vessels) insufficiency which are developed at the congenital and acquired defects of heart disease, miocarditis, cardiosclerosis there is a chronic venous hyperaemia. The latter Chronic hypoxia comes, and which conduces to development not only plasmorrhagy, edema and spot hemorrhages but also atrophy and sclerosis of tissues and organs.

14. Morphological signs of right ventricle cardiac insufficiency Skin Cyanosis Atrophy Sclerosis Swelling Atrophic ulcers Dilatation of vein canal Liver Nutmeg liver Cirrhosis Portal hypertension Lungs Brown induration Kidneys Cyanoticinduration Lien Cyanoticinduration Gastrointestinal Atrophic catarrh

15. Nutmeg (Muscat) liver

19. The sclerotic changes are predefined by that the hypoxia stimulates the synthesis of collogen by fibroblasts; at the same time there is atrophy of parenchimatic elements. Thus the parenchima is replaced by connecting tissue, organs and tissues became dense – there is induration.

21. Brown induration of lungs

22. The local venous hyperemiadevelops at the difficult tide off blood from organs or from parts of body because there is the corking of the vein by thrombi, emboli or vein press by tumor or increasednext (neighbouring) organ.

23. Anemia • Anaemia or ischemia (from a lat. ischo – to detain) is diminishing of blood supplying of organ, tissue, part of body as a result of insufficient of blood tide. Acute Chronic

24. Types of anaemia(depending on reason) Spastic Ischemia from at the redistribution of blood Obturatic Compressible

25. Depending on reasons and terms of origin distinguish such types of anaemia: • Spastic (reflex) is spasm of arteries, for example at the pain irritation, at negative emotions. • Obturatic is partial or absolute closing of artery by a tromb, clot (embol), disattached atherosclerotic plate, connecting tissue which overgrew at artery wall inflammation. • Compressibleis compression of artery by a tumour, liquid, ligature, bandage. • Ischemia from at the redistribution of blood. At emitting of ascytic liquid blood comes to the vessels of abdominal region and a cerebral ischemia develops. In the cases of stand up quickly the blood comes into the low areas of body, and cerebral ischemia and dizziness come, orthostatic shock develops, the consciousness loss.

26. Obturatic myocardial ischemia. Infarct

27. Stasis • Stasis (from a lat. stasis is stop) is stopping of blood motion in the microcirculatory vessels, mainly in capillaries.

30. Bleeding • Bleeding (haemorrhagia) is the exit of blood from the road clearance of vessels or heart in an environment (external) or in the cavity of the body (internal).

32. Pipe pregnancy is broken

33. Hemorrhages are the blood accumulation in tissues and which follows from vessels

34. Morphological signs of blood outing from vessel canal Bleeding Hemorrhages (in tissue) External Petechiae Internal Ecchymoses Owing to rupture Bruiseсинець Owing to corrode Haematoma Owing to increasing of vessels permeability Haemorrhagic infiltration

35. Petechial hemorrhage

36. Haematoma of cerebellum and hemorragic infiltration of pia

37. Thrombosis • A thrombosis is an aggregation of blood in the road clearance of vessels or heart in alive. Blood clot, which appeared is named a tromb. The intravessel clot of lymph is also named a tromb

38. To the local factors of trombformation belong: damage of endothelia, deceleration and violation of laminarity of blood flow. • To the general: unbalance between the convolutional and anticonvolutional systems of blood and the change of its composition.

39. Classification of the thrombus According to structure According to vessel’s canal Specific forms Spheroid Red Ordinary (atwall) Delatic White Progressive Obstructive (Obturative) Mixed Marantic Hyaline Horseman thrombus Migratory thrombus

40. Red Obstructive thrombus of vein

42. Consequences of thrombosis

43. Embolism • Embolism is circulation in the blood or in the lymph of particles which does not meet in a norm in them.

44. Classification of Embolism According to direction of move According to structure Typical Thrombemboli Atypical Lipid Gas Retrograde Aerial Paradoxical Cell Bacterial By foreign bodies

45. Bacterial embolism

48. 86

50. Infarct • A infarct is the hearth of necrosis, which arises up as a result of the stopping of blood supplying. Other name is ischemia.