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T.MANIRATHNAM Faculty in Anatomy KOCHI- India

T.MANIRATHNAM Faculty in Anatomy KOCHI- India. Prelude. The study of human anatomy was always a result of struggle between human desire to learn and religious restrictions , later combined with philosophical orientation. Total ban to public dissection.

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T.MANIRATHNAM Faculty in Anatomy KOCHI- India

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  1. T.MANIRATHNAM Faculty in Anatomy KOCHI- India

  2. Prelude • The study of human anatomy was always a result of struggle betweenhuman desireto learn and religious restrictions, later combined with philosophical orientation

  3. Total ban to public dissection • Through the times it travelled from totalnegation to full opening and public dissection in anatomical theatres

  4. OLDEST SCIENCE • The study of the human body has its originin the prehistoric times, making it one of the oldest known science

  5. PREHISTORIC AGE • Anatomy is the oldest medical science. • Cave paintings of the Stone Age, about 30000 years ago show a simple knowledge of the anatomy of animals, and in some cases, humans, making it one of the oldest known science.

  6. Cave paintings • Stone age cave paintings in Spain suggests that primitive hunters knew about the location of vital organs like heart in elephant.

  7. Markings • Cave paintings also depicts pictures of animals on which the critical areas aremarked – areas when hit would have killed the animal. It is the evidence of first ever lesson in surface anatomy

  8. Anatomy knowledge for survival • The prehistoric man needed a practical knowledge of animal anatomy for his survival

  9. Gross anatomy • Prehistoric men performed some particular rituals with human and animal remains which indicates general knowledge of gross anatomy

  10. EARLY HUMAN FORM • The earliest sculpture of the human form is the lime stone figurine, known as the Venus of Willendorf(22000 B.C), found in Austria.----Fertility Goddesses

  11. Indus valley civilization • Male nude torso (2700B.C) showing the muscular composition

  12. Mesopotamia 4000 B.C • A few anatomical descriptions are found in the clay tablets of Mesopotamia.

  13. Liver • In Mesopotamia priests dissected sheep, searched the liver and mapped the findings in the clay model.

  14. Liver as center of life • The liver was known as collecting point of blood and believed as the center of life.

  15. Divination • The priests made clay models of liver of the sheepto predict thefuture from observations made on the internal organs of sacrificed animals-divination

  16. Trephination 10000-5000B.C • The process of making hole in the skull ofa living person was the first surgical procedure to cure epilepsy, migraine, and mental disorders by prehistoric people in West Europe, South America, and Asia

  17. ANCIENT EGYPT

  18. Egypt medicine • Medicine and other sciences was built upon religion and the physicians werepriests

  19. Birth of anatomy • Anatomy as a science came to birth in ancient Egypt. • The precursor of the anatomist is theembalmer who mummified the bodies of Pharaohs

  20. Embalmer • Anatomical study was neither the objective nor the interest of the embalmer. • He was a technicianconcerned solely with preventing the dissolution of the cadaver.

  21. No complete dissection • Egyptian knew where the major organs were. • But because they believed the body was needed for the afterlife,it could not be completely dissected.

  22. Mummification • The embalmers with their knowledge of human anatomy opened the abdomen onthe left sideto extract internal organs in the process of mummification.

  23. Canopic jars • The intestine, stomach, lungs, and liver (only four organs) were removed and stored in carved limestone canopic jars with a different shaped head of gods who looked after body parts.

  24. Jar for intestine • The falcon headedQebhsnuf (west) looked after intestine.

  25. Jar for stomach • The jackal headedDuamutef (east) protected the stomach.

  26. Jar for lungs • Baboon headedHapi(north) cared for the lungs.

  27. Jar for liver • Human headedImseti(south) was the guardian of the liver.

  28. No jar for heart • There was no jar for heart. It was believed to be the seat of the soul, and so it was left inside the body.

  29. Skull anatomy • They also got into the cranial cavity through nostrils to remove the brain tissue, which required the knowledge of the skull anatomy.

  30. Brain not important • The brain was not considered to beimportant – you think with your heart and not with your brain—and so removed and was thrown away.

  31. 3400 B.C • First manual of anatomy was written in Egypt about 3400B.C by the first king andphysician Meneseven before the pyramids were built

  32. Papyrus • Egyptologists have found documents written on a paper calledpapyrus, that describes human body and medical techniques

  33. Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus-1600 B.C • The oldest anatomical treatise extant is Egyptian papyrus Edwin Smith Papyrus which describes various organs and surgical procedures. • It contains the first written account of brain.

  34. Egyptologist • The papyrus was named after Edwin Smith an American Egyptologist

  35. Imhotep • The information in the papyrus is considered as the work of Imhotep the first pharaoh during 3000B.C and regarded as the copy of several earlier works

  36. God of medicine • Imhotep was a famous physician, but was most known for building the pyramid. • He was worshiped as a god of medicine.

  37. Ebers papyrus An Egyptian stamp on Ebers papyrus which describes diabetes Other Egyptian papyrus

  38. * • Khaun gynecological papyrus

  39. ANCIENT GREECE

  40. Philosophical approach • The ancient Greek medicine and anatomy were built on the ideas of the Egyptians by adding philosophical approach to knowledge. • DISSECTION OF HUMAN BODY NOT ALLOWED on religious grounds

  41. Homer -800B.C • The poet Homer in his Iliad describes 150 wounds of Trojan war soldiers with surprising anatomical accuracies.

  42. Honor to Homer • Alexander the Great honors the work of Homer

  43. Alcmaeon-500B.C • He dissected animals and published a treatise entitled “ On Nature”. • This great anatomist was the first to describe and locate the optic nerve.

  44. HIPPOCRATES 460-377 B.C

  45. Father of medicine • Hippocrates is the Greek philosopher and the “Father of medicine". Earlier to him diseases were thought to be punishment from god. • Credit should go to him for scientific approach to medical diagnosis and treatment replacing the treatment based on magic and religion

  46. Hippocrates oath • He developed an “Oath of Medical Ethics” for physicians to follow.

  47. Hippocrates anatomy • He declared “anatomy is the foundation ofmedicine” (Persaud, p 33), but at the same time he believed that one could learn sufficient anatomy by observing woundsand human bones, without dissecting corpses.

  48. Book by Hippocrates • In his book “Hippocratic Corpus” we find a fairly good account of bones, especially of the skull, including the sutures, and the joints of the body.

  49. ARISTOTLE 384-322B.C

  50. Stamps

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