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D.A. Model High School Phase IV

PHYSICS. D.A. Model High School Phase IV. Mrs. Naseem Tahir Class X March 2011- February 2012. _________PRESENTATION . ______ NUCLEAR PHYSICS.

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D.A. Model High School Phase IV

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  1. PHYSICS D.A. Model High SchoolPhase IV Mrs. Naseem Tahir Class X March 2011- February 2012

  2. _________PRESENTATION

  3. ______ NUCLEAR PHYSICS

  4. Date: ______ Academic Session:2011-12 Subject: PhysicsClass : X Time Frame (Number of Periods): 9 Duration of Period: 40 Mins Prescribed Book with Author: “ Physics” By Prof: Dr.Ravi Shankar and Professor Atiq-ur-Rehman Reference Book with Author: “Comprehensive Physics for “O” Level Science” By Charles Chew and Leong See Cheng Website: http://www.google.com.pk/ http://www.physics.org/

  5. ACTION PLAN

  6. Long TERM GOAL Adopt twenty first century teaching approaches to enhance students appreciation of nuclear physics.

  7. SHORT TERM GOAL OBJECTIVE: ANALYSING EVALUATION CREATION

  8. Objective ANALYSING • Distinguish between electron , proton and neutron. • Explain α,β and r with the help of experiment. • Arrange ionization capability of a, β and r rays in descending order. • Calculate Einstein's Mass Energy relation. • Compare fusion and fission reaction. • What are the distinguish characteristics of hydrogen bomb and atomic bomb. • How the radiation hazard categorize.

  9. Objective EVALUATION • Determine the atom as a whole is electrically neutral with the help of conclusion. • Justify and determine that radioactivity is an irreversible process, which continues all the time. • Compare the mass of a,β and r rays by conclusion. • Validate and revise Einstein Mass Energy relation. • Investigate the chain reaction with the help of report. • Justify that excessive exposure to radiation is dangerous to health.

  10. Objective CREATION • Compare a structure of atom by chart. • Assemble a project to show radio-activity. • Propose a plan about Einstein Mass Energy relation. • Construct a chain-reaction by media project. • Compile some hazards of radio-active materials.

  11. Instructional Strategies:

  12. Solution & Anticipated Challenges

  13. Time Line

  14. Methodology: • The following methods are incorporated to make the lectures affective • Project/ Model • Reinforcement Sheet • Experiment • Multi Media

  15. Conclusion • The teaching methodology covered all aspects of the chapter creating a thorough understanding of the concepts and principles. • Teaching aids i.e. charts, models, experiments & multimedia presentations help describe the concepts in a simpler & more elaborative manner. The interaction in the classroom increases in these sessions.

  16. NUCLEAR PHYSICS CHAPTER

  17. Nuclear Physics Structure of Atom • Discuss the structure of the Nuclear atom in terms of: • Nucleus • Electrons • The atom was generally identified as the smallest particle of an element, consisting of sub- atomic particles; the electrons, protons and neutrons.

  18. Nuclear Physics Structure of Atom

  19. Nuclear Physics Structure of Nucleus • Define the basics of the Nucleus of an atom to develop a basic understanding of the terms and denotions used throughout the chapter: • Nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. • The number of protons in the nucleus are different for different elements and is called its ATOMIC NUMBER. This is denoted by the letter Z. • The number of neutrons in the nucleus is denoted by the letter N. • The total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom is called ATOMIC MASS. It is denoted by the letter A=(Z+N).

  20. Nuclear Physics Structure of Nucleus

  21. Nuclear Physics Radioactivity • Start the discussion with the history of Radioactivity followed by Radioactive elements: • In 1896 French scientist Henry Becquerel accidentally discovered that radiation emitted from Uranium compounds affected photographic plates even when the plates were wrapped in black paper. • Elements with mass number greater than 82 such as plutonium (Z=84), Radium (Z=88), Uranium(Z=92) are unstable by nature and emit different types of powerful radiations. • Emission of invisible radiations from uranium and other substances are called Radioactivity and the substances emitting these radiations are called Radio active substances.

  22. Nuclear Physics Types of Radiations • Furthermore discuss the types of Radiations(Emissions) with their characteristics: • Subsequent works by other scientists showed that radioactive substances emit three types of radiations known as alpha(α), Beta(β) and Gamma (γ) Radiations. • Characteristics of the three types of Radiations

  23. Nuclear Physics Types of Radiations There are three nuclear equations to represent the following three types of radioactive decay: Alpha decay: General Equation: AZX A-4Z-2Y + 42He + energy Example: 22688Ra 22286Rn + 42He + energy Alpha particle Radon daughter nuclide daughter nuclide Radium parent nuclide Alpha particle parent nuclide

  24. Nuclear Physics Types of Radiations Alpha decay:

  25. Nuclear Physics Types of Radiations There are three nuclear equations to represent the following three types of radioactive decay: Beta decay: General Equation: AZX AZ+1Y + 0-1e + energy Example: 2411Na 2412Mg + 0-1e + energy Sodium parent nuclide Magnesium daughter nuclide Beta particle parent nuclide daughter nuclide Beta particle

  26. Nuclear Physics Types of Radiations Beta Decay:

  27. Nuclear Physics Types of Radiations There are three nuclear equations to represent the following three types of radioactive decay: Gamma decay: General Equation: (AZX)* AZY + γ- rays parent nuclide daughter nuclide The asterisk(*) indicates the nucleus is in an excited state

  28. Nuclear Physics Types of Radiations Gamma decay:

  29. Nuclear Physics Half Life • Discussing the half life of the atom, a vital characteristic of any radioactive substance: • Every Radioactive element has its own characteristic half life. E.g. the half life of Radium (Ra) 1600 years while the half life of Radioactive Sodium(Na) is only 15 years. • To measure the half life of a radioactive substance, one has to study the rate of decay (also known as activity) at different times. The half life of a sample of radioactive elements is defined as the time taken for half of the unstable nuclei to decay.

  30. Nuclear Physics Half Life The below graph shows the half life of the radioactive substance is found to be 2 minutes. 1 half-life 2 half-lives 3 half-lives A typical decay curve from which the half life (t1/2) can be found. (t1/2) (t1/2) (t1/2)

  31. Nuclear Physics Uses • The five main uses of Radioactive material are: • Tracers • Penetrating Radiation • Power Sources • Medical treatment • Archeological Dating

  32. Nuclear Physics Uses Power Plant Archeological Dating Medical Science Laboratory

  33. Nuclear Physics Hazards and Precautions • The hazards caused by Radioactive Materials are stated below: • Radiation Burns • Radioactive dust leakage into the atmosphere • Precautions taken against Radiation Hazards: • Film badges or pocket dosimeters • Storage of Radioactive materials in lead-lined boxes • Display of warning signals • Protective clothing • Food Hygiene

  34. Nuclear Physics Hazards and Precautions Radiation Affected Rain Atmospheric Leak Testing indivuals for any affect Symbol of Radioactive

  35. Nuclear Physics Fission Reaction The process in which a heavy nucleus such as Uranium nucleus is broken into two nuclei of nearly equal masses known as Fission reaction. 23592U + 10n 23692U 23592U 14156Ba + 9236Kr + 3 10n + energy Uranium-235 is useful for nuclear energy production. When uranium-235 is bombarded by neutrons, it forms uranium-236 as shown in the following equation: This Uranium-236 is unstable and breaks into nearly two equal radioactive nuclei, often being barium and krypton, with the production of two or three neutrons. The nuclear energy is:

  36. Nuclear Physics Fission Reaction

  37. Nuclear Physics Fission Reaction CHAIN REACTION

  38. Nuclear Physics Fusion Reaction The process in which two lighter nuclei are fused another heavy nucleus is called the Fusion Reaction. The energy released is again due to the loss of mass given by the total mass of the lighter nuclides minus the mass of the heavier nucleus formed A fusion reaction once started is very difficult to control. 1H2 + 1H32He4 + 0n1 + energy

  39. Nuclear Physics Nuclear Reactor A system used to obtain a controlled amount of heat from Nuclear Fission is called a Nuclear Reactor.

  40. Nuclear Physics Generation of Electricity The heat energy released in a Nuclear Reactor is used for generating electricity.

  41. Thank You

  42. NAME ________________ CLASS_______________ DATE ________________ MCQs [Nuclear Physics] • NOTE; CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER . • 1. The number of proton in the nucleus is called ________. • Avogadro number b. Atomic number c. Mass number d.Nucleus number. • 2. Alfa rays are found to be ____________. • Electromagnetic waves b. Electron c. Fastly moving electron d .Fastly moving helium nucleus. • 3. Which of the following is more penetrating, • X rays b.β-rays r-rays. • 4. Nucleus of __________ is called α-particle. • a. Hydrogen b. Helium c. Tritium

  43. NAME ________________ CLASS_______________ DATE ________________ MCQs [Nuclear Physics] • 5.The emission of rays from the nucleus is called ______________. • a. Chemical process b. Atomic process c . Radioactivity • d. Atomic dispersion. • 6. Radioactive nuclei 123Y 58decay to give 123Z60. What type of Radiation Is being emitted.________. • a. α- particles b. β -particles c. r- rays d. α and β particles. • 7. Radium (Ra-186) disintegrates in to radon (Ra-182) by_____ decay Process • a. α b. β c. r

  44. NAME ________________ CLASS_______________ DATE ________________ MCQs [Nuclear Physics] • 8. Naturally occurring uranium contains a mixture of isotopes of which • Uranium- 238 forms _____ percentage. • a. 98 b. 97 c. 99 • 9. _________ isotopes serve as the fuel for Fusion reaction. • Helium b. Oxygen c. Hydrogen • 10. The splitting of nucleus of the atom is called_____________. • Fusion b. Fission c. Radioactivity. • 11. The temperature needed for Fusion to start is as high as _____million degree Celsius. • a.100 b.1000 c.10 • 12. Isotopes of an element are atoms which have same _______number but different nucleon number. • a. Electron b. Proton c. Neutron.

  45. NAME ________________ CLASS_______________ DATE ________________ MCQs [Nuclear Physics] 13. The rate of a chain reaction is controlled by inserting _________ rods. a. Uranium b.Boron c. Graphite. 14. In nuclear _______ light nuclei are brought together to form a heavier nucleus. a. Fission. b. Fusion. C. Radiation. 15. The fusion process continues in the sun and other star. a. Radiation. b. Fission. c. Fusion. Mrs. Naseem Tahir DAMHS Phase 4

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