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Introduction to Fuel Cell Systems

Introduction to Fuel Cell Systems. Overview. Introduction Current Environmental Situation Why Fuel Cells? Fuel Cell Fundamentals System Applications Challenges. *Energy Information Administration/Annual Review 2000. *Energy Information Administration/Annual Review 2000

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Introduction to Fuel Cell Systems

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  1. Introduction to Fuel Cell Systems

  2. Overview • Introduction • Current Environmental Situation • Why Fuel Cells? • Fuel Cell Fundamentals • System Applications • Challenges

  3. *Energy Information Administration/Annual Review 2000

  4. *Energy Information Administration/Annual Review 2000 *1 MBPD ~ 2 Quad BTUs

  5. *EPA 420-R-04-001

  6. “Thus, avoiding the SUV trend and simply keeping the mix of cars and light trucks at the level it was in 1989 would have saved 75 times more energy per year than what has been saved by recycling plastic and four times more energy than what has been saved each year by recycling aluminum.” Environmental Science & Policy 6 (2003) 175–179 Friedland et al. *EPA 420-R-04-001

  7. CO2 varied between 200 and 300 ppm (last 160,000 year) • CO2 has increased from 280 ppm to 360 ppm in a single century • Predicted to rise to 600 ppm by 2100 *Green Power, Los Alamos National Lab, LA-UR-99-3231

  8. Vehicle traffic causes half of all urban smog and 90% of the carbon monoxide emissions in the US.* • Automotive related air pollution kills twice the number of Americans that die in auto accidents, and triple the number of homicide victims.* • In 2001, you were 24 times more likely to die from air pollution than from a terrorist attack. *General Motors Corporation

  9. The Debate: Energy Use • Transportation Costs? • Foreign Oil Dependency? • Environment (i.e. Global Warming)? • Is Our Current Lifestyle Sustainable? • (5% world population emitting 20% of the greenhouse gases)

  10. Why Fuel Cells? • Clean (CO2 and emissions), Flexible, Distributed Energy Carrier… • Electricity! • Generate with Nuclear, PV, Wind! • Storage Problem in Mobile Applications

  11. Why Fuel Cells? • Conventional Power Generation • Fuel  Heat  Mechanical  Electricity • 20% - 30% Fuel  Electricity • Fuel Cell: Electrochemical Device • Fuel (hydrogen)  Electricity, 50% • “Steady Flow Battery” • Fossil Fuel Dependant  CO2 • Hydrocarbon Reforming for Hydrogen • Electrolysis? (only if you have clean e-)

  12. Why Fuel Cells? • Fuel cell easily converts H2 to e- • Fuel cells, through H2 energy carrier, get around the on-board e- storage issue. • Double onboard e- storage  fuel cells may not make sense (Toshiba Advanced Li-Ion Battery)

  13. Overview • Introduction • Current Environmental Situation • Why Fuel Cells? • Fuel Cell Fundamentals • System Applications • Challenges

  14. Fuel Cells Fundamentals • Electrochemical Device • “Steady Flow Battery” • Electrochemical “Engine” • Generate DC power • # of cells (voltage) and active area (current)

  15. Fuel Cells Types

  16. *Ballard Corporation

  17. *California Fuel Cell Partnership

  18. Teflon Backbone (Hydrophobic) • Side Chain (Hydrophilic) • Sulfonic Group (weak, dilute acid) • Solid Polymer Electrolyte

  19. Fundamentals Videal = 1.48 V per cell at STP

  20. Introduction

  21. Overview • Introduction • Current Environmental Situation • Why Fuel Cells? • Fuel Cell Fundamentals • System Applications • Challenges

  22. *Green Power, Los Alamos National Lab, LA-UR-99-3231

  23. FCV • Entire Drive System Contained in “Skateboard” • Interchangeable, Bolt on Body • Single Center Electrical Connection • Drive By Wire (Steering, Accelerator, Braking, etc.)

  24. * Honda Motor Company

  25. *Ocean County College, Toms River, NJ

  26. Overview • Introduction • Current Environmental Situation • Why Fuel Cells? • Fuel Cell Fundamentals • System Applications • Challenges

  27. Challenges • Durability (up to 5,000 hrs and 40,000 hrs?) • Clean H2 Production • Cost per kW (not just Pt) • Size • Weight • End of Cycle Impact? • Better than Hybrid Technology? • Better than Battery Technology?

  28. A.D. Little study projects high volume production cost of $14,700 or $294/kW (60% Stack, 29% Processor, 11% BOP, Assembly, and Indirect) for fuel cell system • Platinum cost alone is $63/kW (21% of total $) • ICE engine cost? $20/kW • Fuel Cell Vehicle: cell, auxiliary equipment, H2 storage, power inverters, and electric motors

  29. * Honda Motor Company

  30. Challenges • Cold Start • Hydrogen Storage • High Pressure Composite Tanks • Cryogenic Storage • On-board Hydrocarbon Reforming? • Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

  31. 1 Liter displacement • 2.0 kW/kg (145lbs180hp) • < $20/kW

  32. No matter the efficiency, consumption is the bigger problem… Is vehicle transportation sustainable?

  33. Gasoline Equivalent MPG (1 gal = 5.76 MJ of energy) • Helicopter 4 20 • US Auto Avg 21 84 • Prius 60 230 • Aircraft 67 85 • FCV (projection) 67 270 • Walking 235 235 • Commuter Train 244 520 • GM EV1 260 400 • TGV Train 500 630 • Bike 653 653

  34. Questions

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