Relations between PM and persistent toxic substances Alexey Ryaboshapko,

1. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Relations between PM and persistent toxic substances Alexey Ryaboshapko, Meteorological Synthesizing Center “East” EMEP/MSC-E

2. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 What pollutants do we consider? EMEP/MSC-E

3. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 What pollutants do we consider? Heavy Metals (HMs): The first priority: Cd, Pb, Hg The second priority: As, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn EMEP/MSC-E

4. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 What pollutants do we consider? Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Dioxins / Furans - 210 compounds Polychlorinated biphenyls - 209 compounds Polyaromatic hydrocarbons - hundreds Pesticides - hundreds EMEP/MSC-E

5. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Physical properties of HMs in the atmosphere EMEP/MSC-E

6. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Physical properties of POPs in the atmosphere EMEP/MSC-E

7. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Comparison of main categories of sources for primary PM and HMs Cd Pb PPM10 PPM10 Power Plants Industry Transport Metallurgy Other Residentialcombustion EMEP/MSC-E

8. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Comparison of main categories of anthropogenic sources for PM and POPs PCDD/Fs BaP PPM10 PPM10 Power Plants Industry Transport Metallurgy Other Residentialcombustion EMEP/MSC-E

9. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Airborne concentrations of primary PM10, Cdand mass fraction of Cd in PPM10 PPM10, g/m3 Cd, ng/m3 Cd in PPM10, % Sources: Primary PM10 concentration distribution: CCC & MSC-West (4 / 2004) Pollutant concentration distributions: MSC-East report (2 / 2004) EMEP/MSC-E

10. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Are airborne HMs and POPs harmful ? EMEP/MSC-E

11. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Are airborne HMs and POPs harmful ? Yes ! Threshold concentration levels for residential areas are set in most European countries as air quality standards. EMEP/MSC-E

12. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 • Thresholds accepted for Heavy Metals • by the 1st Daughter Directive and • the 4th Daughter Directive of EU*, ng/m3: • Arsenic 6 • Cadmium 5 • Lead 500 • Nickel 20 *) For the total content in PM10 averaged over one year EMEP/MSC-E

13. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 • Thresholds accepted for the sum of dioxins and furans, fg TEQ/m3: • Russia - 500 • Italy - 40 • USA - 20 EMEP/MSC-E

14. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Thresholds accepted for particulate matter, μg/m3 EMEP/MSC-E

15. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Approach to assessment of integral pollution by PM Individual pollutants have different toxicity… We need to find a quantitative criterion, which has property of additivity… An approach based on idea of “threshold concentration level” is widely used EMEP/MSC-E

16. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 • Quantitative additive criterion: • A portion of an air volume, which could become unsuitable for humans because of presence of a given pollutant in air. • Let us call this portion “Hazard Quotient” (HQ): • HQ = C / T,where • C – airborne concentration of a given pollutant; • T - permissible threshold concentration for a given pollutant. EMEP/MSC-E

17. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 • An example: • Cadmium within particulate matter could make 10% of an air volume unsuitable for human 1 cubic meter clean air Cd – 10% EMEP/MSC-E

18. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 • An example: • B[a]P within particulate matter could make 15% of an air volume unsuitable for human 1 cubic meter clean air B[a]P – 15% Cd – 10% EMEP/MSC-E

19. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 • An example: • Particulate matter itself could make 20% of an air volume unsuitable for human 1 cubic meter clean air PM – 20% B[a]P – 15% Cd – 10% EMEP/MSC-E

20. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 • Integral PMpollution •  (HQi) = Hazard Index for PM (dimensionless) • HI =(HQi) = 0.45 1 cubic meter clean air PM – 20% B[a]P – 15% Cd – 10% EMEP/MSC-E

21. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Integral Pollution by Particulate Matter (Hazard Index) Cij – mass concentration of the i-the pollutant within the j-th pollutant class; φij – share of the concentration in particulate phase… Tij - permissible threshold concentration… COVj – coverage coefficient for the j-th pollutant class.

22. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Spatial distribution of hazard indexes over Europe (PM, Cd, Ni, Pb, B[a]P) EMEP/MSC-E

23. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Spatial distribution of hazard indexes over Europe (PM, Cd, Ni, Pb, B[a]P) EMEP/MSC-E

24. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Northeastern Germany EMEP/MSC-E

25. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 “Black Triangle” EMEP/MSC-E

26. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Examples of usage of the approach to assess cumulative risk caused by different pollutants Novikov G.V. and Dudarev A.Ya., 1978. Sanitary protection of the environment of a modern city. Leningrad, Medicina, 215 pp. Berlyand M.E. (editor), 1994. Yearbook on the state of air pollution and emissions of pollutants into the atmospheres of cities and industrial centers of Russian Federation. Sankt-Peterburg, Main Geophysical Observatory, 407 pp. Hampshire Research Institute (www.hampshire.org/risk01.htm) US EPA, 2003 EPA/630/P-02/001F May 2003 EMEP/MSC-E

27. EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005 Possible output information: Spatial distribution (50*50 km) of hazard index for PM averaged over one year.  Number of days during a year when the hazard index is higher than unity in all EMEP grid cells.  Product of hazard index for PM and population in all EMEP grid cells for population risk assessment. EMEP/MSC-E