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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. The Skeletal System. Functions of the Skeletal System. The bones of the skeletal system: Form the framework Support Protect internal organs. Structures of the Skeletal System. The structures of the skeletal system include: Bones: Cartilage

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 TheSkeletal System

  2. Functions of the Skeletal System • The bones of the skeletal system: • Form the framework • Support • Protect internal organs

  3. Structures of the Skeletal System • The structures of the skeletal system include: • Bones: • Cartilage • protects the ends of the bones where they contact • forms the flexible portion of structures • Joints: • body movements

  4. Formation of Bone • Bones are complete organs, chiefly composed of connective tissue called • OSSEOUS (bony) Tissue • Hardest tissue in the body • Bones also contain • Rich supply of blood vessels • nerves

  5. Formation of Bone • Fetal Development: bones are composed of cartilage tissue • flexible and less dense due to lack of calcium salts • As Development Continues: OSSIFICATION (bone formation) occurs. • Gradual replacement of cartilage, depositing calcium

  6. Bone Development

  7. Tissues of the Bone • Periosteum: The tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone. • Compact Bone: The hard, dense, and very strong that forms the outer layer of the bones.

  8. Tissue of A Bone • Spongy Bone: Lighter and not as strong as compact bone, it is commonly found in ends and inner portions of long bones. Contains Red Bone Marrow. • Medullary Cavity: Located in the shaft of a long bone, the medullary cavity is surrounded by compact bone, lined with endosteum and contains yellow bone marrow.

  9. Cartilage • Cartilage: smooth, rubbery blue white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones • Articular cartilage: covers the surfaces of bones that form joints to make movement possible. • Meniscus: curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints.

  10. Cartilage • Cartilage: a form of connective tissue • flexible • cover joint surfaces of bones • Combining Form: • CHONDR/o

  11. Joints • Joints, also known as articulations, are connections between bones. • Articulations: join or to come together that allows motion between parts. • Combining Form: • ARTHR/o

  12. Joints

  13. Joints

  14. Types of Joints • Suture: jagged line where bones join and form a joint that does not move. • Fontanelle: soft spot on a baby’s head. • Symphysis: (cartilaginous) two bone join and are held firmly together so they function as one bone. • Synovial: movable joints of the body

  15. Types of Joints • Ball and Socket: Allow a wide rang of movement in many directions • hips • Shoulders • Hinge: allow movement primarily in one direction or plane • knees • elbows

  16. Structures of Synovial Joints • Ligament: band of fibrous connective tissue: • LIGAMENT/O • Bursa: fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction. • BURS/O • SYNOVI/O = Synovial membrane and synovial fluid.

  17. How Many Bones In The Body? • There are 206 bones of various types in the body. • Axial skeleton (80 bones) protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. • Skull • Spinal column • Ribs and sternum

  18. How Many Bones In The Body? • The appendicular skeleton (126 bones) makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of • Digestion • Excretion • Reproduction • Appendicular skeleton divides into upper and lower extremities.

  19. Combing Forms for Bone • OSTE/O * • OSS/E • OSS/I

  20. Medical Terms using OSTE/O • Ostealgia (oss-tee-Al-jee-ah) • Prefix: • NONE • Combining Form: • OSTE/o = bone • Suffix: • -ALGIA = pain

  21. MEANING: • OSTEALGIA • PAIN IN BONE

  22. Medical Terms using OSTE/O • Ostectomy (oss-TECK-toh-me) • Prefix: • NONE • Combining Form: • OSTE/o = bone • Suffix: • - ECTOMY= removal

  23. MEANING: • OSTECTOMY • REMOVAL OF BONE

  24. Medical Terms using OSTE/O • Osteoarthritis: (oss-tee-oh-ar-THRIGH-tis) • Prefix: • NONE • Combining Form: • OSTE/o = Bone • ARTHR/o = Joint • Suffix: • -it is = inflammation

  25. MEANING: • OSTEOARTHRITIS • Inflammation of the Bones and Joints

  26. Medical Terms using OSTE/O • Osteomyelitis: (oss-tee-oh-my-eh-LYE-tis) • Prefix: • NONE • Combining Form:(Context) • OSTE/o = bone MYEL/O - bone marrow • Suffix: • -ITIS = inflammation

  27. MEANING: • OSTEOMYELITIS • INFLAMMATION OF THE BONE AND BONE MARROW

  28. Medical Terms using OSS/E • Osseous Tissue: • Prefix: • None • Combining form: • OSS/E = bone • Suffix: • -OUS = pertaining to

  29. MEANING: • OSSEOUS • PERTAINING TO BONE

  30. Medical Term using OSS/I • Ossification: • Prefix: None • Combining Form: OSS/i • OSS/I = bone • Suffix: -fication • -FICATION = process of making

  31. MEANING: • OSSIFICATION • PROCESS OF MAKING BONE

  32. Medical Terms using CHONDR/O • Chondromalacia: • Prefix: • NONE • Combining Form: • Chondr/o = cartilage • Suffix: • -Malacia = abnormal softening

  33. MEANING: • CHONDROMALACIA • ABNORMAL SOFTENING OF THE CARTILAGE.

  34. Medical Terms using CHONDR/o • Chondroplasty • Prefix • None • Combining form: • Chondr/o = cartilage • Suffix: • -plasty = surgical repair

  35. MEANING: • CHONDROPLASTY • SURGICAL REPAIR OF THE CARTILAGE

  36. Medical Terms using ARTHR/O • Arthrosclerosis • Prefix • None • Combining Form: • Arthr/o = Joint • Suffix: • - sclerosis = hardness, hardening

  37. MEANING: • ARTHROSCLEROSIS • HARDENING OF HARDNESS OF THE JOINTS.

  38. Medical Terms Using ARTHR/O • Arthrodesis • Prefix: • None • Combining Form: • Arthr/o = Joint • Suffix: • - desis = bind, tie together, surgical fixations of bone or joint.

  39. MEANING: • ARTHRODESIS • SURGICAL FIXATION OF A JOINT

  40. Combining Forms for Bones Page 49 Anterior and Posterior View • Cranium or Skull: • Crani/O • Chest: • Thorac/O • Ribs: • Cost/O

  41. Anterior and Posterior View

  42. Combining Forms for Bones • Clavicle: collar bone • Clavicul/O • Scapula: shoulder bone • Scapul/O • Humerus: upper arm bone • Humer/O

  43. Combining Forms for Bones • Ulna:elbow • Uln/O • Radius: lateral lower arm bone • Radi/O • Carpals: wrist bone • Carp/o • Metacarpals: 5 radiating bones of the fingers • Metacarp/o

  44. Vertebral (Spinal) Column: 26 bones segments, arranged in five divisions. SPONDYL/O Vertebrae: VERTEBR/O Lamina: posterior portion of a vertebra. LAMIN/O Combining Forms for Bones

  45. Divisions of the Spinal Column • Cervical= C1-C7 • Thoracic: (Dorsal) T1-T12 (D1-D12) • Lumbar: L1-L5 • Sacrum: 5 bones fused together. • Coccyx: (tailbone) 4 small bones fused together.

  46. Combining Forms for Bones • Pelvic Girdle: • ili/o = ilium • pub/o = pubis (hip bone) • isch/o = ischium • Femur: long bone of the leg • FEMOR/o

  47. Combining Forms for Bones • Patella: knee • Patell/A • Patell/O • Tibia: shin bone, lg. lower leg bone • Tibi/O • Fibula: smaller of lower leg bone • Fibul/o

  48. Combining Forms for Bones • Tarsals: ankle bones • Tars/O • Metatarsals: 5 bones that lead to the phalanges of the toes. • Metatars/O • Phalanges of the hand and toes: • Phalang/O

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